The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Essay

The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve EssayHistory has develop into dickens aspects, in the beginning and after the limit of 1975, with a kind unanimity nigh the victimization of pre-1975, which is advantageously apprehend (understood). Bifurcation starts in 1975, when the Philips expect break down into 2 fork (branches) of the road with having a little int periodction amid two branches or forks. As we look towards the major contri gainion of the paper, by the inception of bifurcation (divide it into branches) in order to examine the contri more than everyplaceions of the forks that occur post 1975. The pre accounting of the Philips rationalize before 1975 is straightforward and nett in its manner. Philips initi all in ally discover the history of existing minus relationship between pomposity and unemployment named as Philips wrap, that was after popularized by Samuelson and So clinical depression, and because fol gloomyed by the period when the excogit ate _or_ system of government maker were supposing to movement the tradeoff between them in order to reduce the unemployment on the court of diverseness magnitude flash. For that development of Friedman, Phelps and lucas conquered the policy feat trade-off in estimation of long persevere m wizardtary honestity. When Sargent explained the failure of their tests of impartiality, make refusal on the employ econometric version of Philips crape in the 1960s wound, and finally they were condemned to the washed-up twist of the negative correlation between the unemployment and puffiness in the era of 1960s converted to the positive in 1970s by the lucas and Sargent. The impartial architect and the adversary of Keynesian trade-off emerged victory with having major caveats of that re ripe stumper were unconvincing as well as their terms surprises all were conducting many mistakes without any ready reckoner backuping evidences. Literature of Philips curve split in two dimension s after 1975 (the era of evolution of PC), when e very(pre titular)one failed to recognize the contri aloneion of early(a)(a)s. The other section reviews the consistent, energetic and dynamic aggregate adopt and make out mannequin that come into figurehead in late 1970s in suppositional contribution and in textbooks of macro economics. This approach is determined, because the pretension compute is harness by the perseverant in form of different long lags as comp atomic number 18d to ancient puffiness identify. In the main stream approach the major burning(prenominal) deviation is that the post ostentatiousness appraise is unlimited to form the expectations, but excessively involves the perseverant effect due to the lock and determine the contracts of fixed-du balancen, also the lags of fleeceable material and final well behaveds expenditures.Due to the conduct and supply shocks puffiness dislodged from its then(prenominal) sluggish values. This approach of econometric implementations roughlymagazine called triangle because it verbaliseing the threesome feedered supply, demand and inertia. As the results of supply shocks, the approach describes the lump and unemployment peaks in the era of 1970s and early 1980s, that provides the proportional analysis of valley of wiped out(p) unemployment and largeness in late 1990s. It may emphasize that unemployment and inflation quite a little either be negatively and positively cor link and also depending on the supply shocks and responses.During the era of early and mid 1960, the three phases of Philips curve developed e personifying results. for the first timely, the Philips curve provide the policy maker with a menu of different options. Secondly, the policy advisors of the Kennedy and Johnson government, that led by Walter Heller having support from Robert So pocket-size and James Tobin, they made discussion that the previous Republi sack government (administ dimensionn) had chos en a point too far south east on with the Philips curve trade-off, that time considered precious because of getting the country move once more from south east to north-west. President Kennedy got some sort of recommendations from Hellers group applicable to the major cuts in federal income taxes and these were implemented by the Johnson government in two phases of 1964 and 1965 after the death of president. Samuelson and Solow had calculated the unemployment rate in the late 1963 that was 5.5% and compatible along null inflation, so it was suitable to implement the expansionary financial policy of Kennedy-Johnson that accelerate the inflation even without loosening the floodlight financial trend due to the war of Vietnam. We refer to examine the period of 1960 to 1971by fetching the quarterly entropy of US inflation and unemployment and then return to the homogeneous picture of evolution of Philips curve debate started in the post 1971 roughly the inflation and unemployment .Third aspect was the rate of unemployment fall below 5.5% in 1964 and remained below 4% in between 1966 to 1970. The ups and down in inflation remained compatible in econometric ensample with having the rude(a) unemployment rate (consistent with libertine inflation rather than the zero inflation) in the range of 5.5% 6.0%. A nonher aspect of that period was the invention of mainframe (the super electronic computer). For the first time, the computer made it practical to estimate the large scale econometric copys contained in (Formm and Tauban 1968). These model consisted of two comparisons. The main explanatory variable in that compare of carryd Philips curve was the unemployment rate, sometimes the rate of change of unemployment rate, some variables saloon the evaluate inflation of sets of lags and on tax rates. In the equation of price level to the betroth level the estimated change of operate was typically translated into the inflation rate and set uped for the inte rsectionive campaignency, the so called social unit outwear follow tendency. Demand was intensively measured and responds by the price- cut into cost ratio. The price-labour cost ratio or mark-up was allowed to respond to a measure of demand, this particular situation related to the productive market non to the unemployment rate, such(prenominal) as the ratio standardized to the unfilled shipment orders. The inflation rate depend on the rate of change of unemployment in the reduce form of this approach where it measure the demand as well as different lags of inflation. With dealing the challenge of Friedman-Phelps indwelling rate hypothesis, a problem encountered showing the conflict in the data taken in the late 1960s.Although, the pertaining competition, the feature was devoted among the different departments of economics working at the University of Chicago, dealings happening in between Milton Friedman and Franco Modigliani. A debate occurred between them in 965 by their c o-authors over the issue that provided monetary policy mattered or solitary(prenominal) fiscal policy mattered and debated seemed godforsaken when the results were based on IS-LM model showed that some(prenominal) the fiscal and monetary policy mattered in estimation of PC by excluding some extreme cases. The presidential address of Friedman (1968) comprised of two sections that had a main point which was closely correlated.First, it gumption the faster inflation due to showing the inefficiency in control of nominal by-line rate by the commutation bank and it adds fuel toward the inflation fire in the parsimoniousness. Second, it showed the importance of Philips curve debate and derived conclusion by said that the policy makers had no ability to select any other unemployment rate rather than the natural rate of unemployment and excluded from the macroeconomic structure of the product and the labor market. A nonher more desirable and suitable interpretation about the natural ra te of unemployment was accustomed that showed the compatibility with accurate inflation rate which comprised the opposed and rigid inflation rate. Analysis which was non neutral based on the policy trade off had ignored the expectations that utilise for enrolment patterns. By consider an economy proceeding at the natural rate of unemployment and also based on the 1% inflation rate was precisely prevented.By pushing the unemployment rate below the natural unemployment rate fag end tend the economy towards the north east of the piffling stockpile Philips curve and the signifi smokeces appeared in form of increasing the actual inflation rate. But if the agents noticed that the inflation rate kick the bucket eminenter as compared to the initial anticipated inflation rate of 1%, the inflation expectations become uplifteder and it shift the short expelling Philips curve high. And the process will continue unless and until the rate of unemployment reached at the natural rat e of unemployment. So, the Friedmans timing to address becomes weird and impeccable. fit in to the communicatory predictions of the model given by Friedman, The fiscal expansion of Kennedy-Johnson that included twain the spending on Vietnam contend and tax cuts that also accompanied by the monetary accommodations had not only push the rate of unemployment down to 3.5% from 5.5% but in each grade in between 1963 to 1969 the rate of inflation become swift. The large scale econometricians who had estimated the unemployment rate of 4% and also forecasted the inflation rate become perplex that how the acceleration of inflation had been exceeded from year to year. Defamers of Friedman attacked on the verbal model given by him and used to motivate the natural rate, when the econometricians become well aware of their failures regarding to forecast the acceleration of inflation in late 1960s and in later the model become casual model. According to the employers expectations related to price level a supposition given by Friedman that are always accurate but the employees remained dissatisfied of the expected prices that does not respond to the actual price level. When the business expand, the prices raises more than the ratio of allowance, so the need is to provide the incentives to the employees in order to bridge up the gap of lower real compensation, as they remained fail to fulfilled their expectations to adjust the prices.Friedmans verbally assumed model become implausible, as the workers had complete attack of the Consumer price index and were well known about the actual prices familiar in the market. There could no business cycle in the humanity of Friedman. The credit of co-discovering the natural hypothesis was given to Phelps (1967, 1968). In juxtaposition, the Friedman clean-cution was in between hold upd workers and smart firms, but in Phelpss population everyone is dumb considered equally fooled. The general price level rises in the rest of economy as both the workers and the firm seems the price rises in the industry and the consequence was to plus the fruit level. So the Phelps developed a model in which employees treated separate from the information of the economy. The workers quit regularly from one firm to another firm in order to get the high absorbs and the unemployment become frictional. But the workers does not quit as the same firms offered them the high remunerations. Without their knowledge the unemployment rate became low, and at the same time all the firms raised the occupys by the same proportion of the currency. The macroeconomic data registered a decline in the unemployment as the employees became fooled of declining the frictional unemployment rate. Hence there prevail a correlation in between the rate of unemployment and pursue rate, but due to this situation the expectations are in clear up. The criticism directed to the Friedman verbal daily model as well as applied to Phelps model, wheth er the firms or employees became fooled or both of them treated in the same direction. But the workers and the employees got information of consumer price index on monthly basis and buy different goods and service smoothly. So the consequences appeared by said that, if the countrys GDP is very high and the unemployment rate become low then the aggregate prices goes up, so the workers and firm can learn many more from the past expectations and can use their set out In the proper way.The Origins of the Phillips CurveAlban Philips was the first name of Philips curve which is afterwards known as Philips curve, when an econometric survey was conducted in United solid ground in the era of 1861 to 1957 in order to examine the behavior of property wage and unemployment. To justify this behavior Philips did not had any macroeconomic model, then by took help from theoretical thought he made a statistical model. Philips argued that when few are unemployed and the demand for labor is very high we should expect from employers to bid the wage rates up rapidly (Philips, 1958, p 283). So concord to him, the wages can be change magnitude with having a low unemployment rate. And the other aspect was, there prevail a highly non linear relationship, as the workers will not occupy the low wages when there prevail a high unemployment rate in the economy, so the wages fall slowly. Two other factors are also state by Philips named as the rate of change in the retail prices and the business cycle (Philips 1958, p283). To find the evidences, that the negative relationship exists in the wage rate and unemployment, Philips enquire into three period separately from 1861 to 1913, 1913 to 1948 and 1948 to 1957 individually (Philips, 1958, p299). No worth was given to this because in 1926, Irving Fisher has already been found this relationship (Fisher 1973). While after in 1960, this work was named as Philips curve1, when Samuelson and Solow repeated the work of Philips in United S tates (Samuelson and Solow, 1960). In 1960 this article the Philips curve became very much important and central for any of the macroeconomic discussion, persuasion and policy.2.2 Expectations-Augmented Phillips CurveThe Phillips curve broke down in its received form after the 1960s. And the expected augmented Philips curve was the new form of Philips curve. First to find out why the original relationship broke down, the analysis of original framework of Philips curve is important. As we facing a high inflation rate now a days. We became used to of this situation, as the prices become high day by day, the wages cast ups and we face inflation. In the statistical terms the price follows a random tendency. In the last year USA faced negative inflation, Austria faced it in 1955 and for the last time in 1953 when the inflation was negative (Blanchard, 2006). Inflation was sometimes negative and followed by a white noise before the World War 1, when the gilt standard was still ineffici ent (Mankin and Reis, 2002). So the Philips curve discovered negative relation and the analysis was done for the white noise inflation period. In that period when the household expected no inflation or zero inflation in the economy, the wage-price spiral as discussed in the Philipss article, as followsAs the low unemployment directs the firms to make up the wagesThe increased wages leads to higher pricesAnd the higher prices will direct the workers to demand higher wagesSo the low unemployment leads inflation in the above framework. In 1970s this form of model broke down in USA due to its failure to incorporate the economic behavior of the human being in the right and correct way. In 1970s there were two important things that provided a clear proof of this fact. First, this model was called the Philips schedule but later on this model and the whole article switched up to Philips curve. On the other hand the world was already faced two oil shocks and inflation considered as the dur able phenomenon, people has been expecting inflation in order to bid up their wages (Blanchard, 2006).To make it able an analysis about influences conducted to include the price shocks and expectations in the model. There are three components of Philips curve are as followDemand Pull inflationIf the inflation is below its structural rate of 3% the inflation is called demand pull inflation that tend to increase due to the aggregate demand.Cost-pushh inflationThis inflation refers to the supply shocks. Low supply directs the firm to increase the prices, so this causes higher inflation.ExpectationsPeople expect more about inflation and when the prices rise they bid up the wages. So, it can be said as there exists the negative relationship in between cyclical unemployment and unanticipated property wage.No doubt, many economists agreed upon that the authoritative measuring stick scheme of capital is inconsistence with the shelter long run Philips curve that shows the trade-off bet ween the inflation and unemployment. In the quantity possible action of money, money stock changes can only affect the nominal variables and the price slice the impact became nil in real variables. By Juxtaposition, Philips curve explained that the money growth rate can raise the level of output and increase employment. Now the question arises how could the economists frequently cleave two opposite views? According to the great eighteenth century economists of Scott land and the philosopher, the question centralized to the joust over the contributions of David Hume (1711-1776). For example, Thomas Mayer argued that, the David securely rejected the trade-off between the inflation and unemployment because it is incompatible with quantity speculation of money.According to the Mayer, as the quantity theory of money is central for the David Hume likewise the Philips curve trade-off is also central to the Davids economics because if this trade-off exists in the economy, it also affec t the quantity theory of money as well and the consequences are in form of prices that do not increases in quantity theory of money. Similarly, Frenkel quotes Davids creed in the neutrality of quantity theory as (the money stock can only affect the nominal variables) as an proof of Davids rejection of the Philips curve. Frenkel says, there is an evidence that David Hume did not trust in the long run Philips curve Trade-off, the overpowering inclination of Humes and the important feature of monetary theory had been the assertion objective of the money neutrality which states, the monetary policy perform no longer mechanical press on the real variables. Mayer and Frenkel, no doubt, admitted that during the transitional period, money wages can affect the inflation, output and unemployment. But if there is no long run Philips curve trade-off, it can only affect the temporary real effects that can vanish while after.According to the Charles Nelson controversy, who claims that the Dav id Hume is in need to show trust in the long run Philips curve trade-off as it is unique in its functions. Nelson says, the money stock in quantity theory can raise the output, wages, prices and employment permanently. Therefore, David Hume was believed in the long run Philips curve. The purpose of this discussion is to show and remove the controversy to the content of Mayer and Frenkle and the Hume did believe in the quantity theory of money and the long run Philips curve trade-off as well. The purpose of this study is to correct the both phenomenon which are part mistaken and contrary to Mayer and Frenkle, and David Hume should trust in stable long run Philips curve with contrary to the suggestions given by Nelson, that Hume was not alone to accept this stable Philips curve but Henry Thornton was also joined with him (1760 to 1815), by chance the primary fiscal theorist of the nineteenth century at British traditional school and eventually, that neither Hume nor Thornton compete that the real possessions of a steady, intransigent rate of money growth were controlled to a concise execution period but idea of those possessions could persist for an imprecise phase. More precisely, the article shows that both Thornton and Hume notorious among levels and rates of conversion of the money hoard, that they held the preceding work to be unbiased and the later partial with deference to definite fiscal variables, and that this adaptation resolve their conviction in both the long run Philips curve and the quantity theory of money. Moreover the article shows that, even if both Thornton and Hume thought in the continuation of a steady long-run Phillips curve, they varied concerning the fondness of utilizing that railroad tie for policy purposes, Hume errand and Thornton disparate such a policy.The vision of Hume and Thornton are imperative not just as they show that at least(prenominal) two foremost classical quantity theorists accepted the Philips curve, but as we ll as they demonstrate how divergent policy prescription can obtain from the similar fundamental theoretical framework. According to Hume, the long run trade-off, though, the same is not accurate of a stable sequence of such fiscal increase. He deliberate such increase would, if preserve over a permanent sequence of intermediary qualifying period, apply stable real effects. That is, he emphasized the actual consequence of a low fiscal extension, consequently timely Adam Smiths aside that Mr. Humes analysis is remarkably inventive. He look, though, to have left a modest into the concept that society luxury consists in wealth. (9 p. 197 quoted in 7 p. 136) absolutely bigheaded that opportunity of future inflation would always remain nil and then would never go into price and wage demands, Hume asserted that a repeatedly increasing money stock would ever more protest in front of prices and wage, always annoying their 1 Humes oversight of inflationary prospect could be clarified on at least three basis.First, he was inflorescence a world clanging inflation rate recountingly low (1-3 % per year on average) by means of recent principles, perchance insufficient to grasp the least observation entrance requisite for the creation of inflation prospect. Second, undertake a clanging fiscal standard, one could disagree on successfulness basis that the anticipated long term inflation rate is nil. The basis, certainly, is that if the reserve of fiscal alloy were primarily growing at an inflationary upper so as to lift the metal price of goods as well as labor. The consequential drop in the purchasing power of metal mutual with the increasing labor cost of drawing out it would persuade mine owners to restrain clanging production to non inflationary stage. Furthermore, the inflationary over production of gold would, through lower its worth comparative to further goods, provide the later supplementary gainful to fabricate than gold, thus repeatedly scrutinize the ov er production of gold. Emphasize this price stabilize production effect would be a move in the demand for gold from monetary to non monetary uses as golds value as money declines. Third, the uncovering of gold and silver mines in the New World could be discover as random, casual events having an expected value of approximately zero. For these groundss, Humes understandable that either the monetary change is relatively positive or negative. That real wage rate is as harmful to industry, when silver and gold are retreating, as it is beneficial when these metals are upgrade. particularly, in the devaluation case of pessimistic money growth, The shit has not at the same employment from the producer and merchant although he pays the same price for all things in the marketplace. The farmer cannot organize of his corn and livestock while he has to pay the similar rent to his landowner. The indigence as well as beggary, and sluggishness, which must follow are barely anticipated. 3 p. 40 here is Humes strain on the actual consequence and inconsequentiality correspondingly, of rates of change vs. unlimited quantity of money. This stress is also obvious in the incidental way, in which he terminates that it is of no substance of result, with considering to the household pleasure of a state, whether money is in lesser or in larger quantity. The good and efficient policy of the magistrate based only on its maintenance. If likely, still rising as by those resources, he maintains lively strength of tat manufacturing unit in the state, and enlarge the reserve of labor, in which consists all actual bureau and riches. About this course, Blaug observes that Humes demand for a frequent inflow of valuable metals quantity to a demand for a unremitting sequence of intermediary phases through which inflationary money growth constantly and everlastingly motivate trade. 1 p. 20 Here is Humes observance to the long run Philips curve. Here also is his settlement of that detectio n with his quantity theory. There is no argument between the two theories, his deliberation, since the one refers to rates of modify and the other to substitute levels of the money stock.Phillipss inference In the 1950s, Alban William Hoosegow Phillips tried to determine the neoclassical anomaly 68-73. Phillips, who had degree in electrical engineering (1938) and sociology with economics (LSE, B. A., 1949) 10, was viewing how to erect a pissing flow model as a similarity of the neoclassical income wasting disease model. The final replica frequently was symbolized in arithmetical terms, but some economic students had complexity with mathematics. Both these two models (hydraulic and income expenditure model could be explained by the way of discrepancy calculus. The hydraulic machine, though, was evident and understandable to students. The machine, explained in Phillipss Ph.D. thesis, provoked his selection as assistant lecturer at the LSE in 1950. In explanation of the machine, Phil lips alert on modifying following a rowdyism of vestibular sense, which be conventional to Hicks modern trade cycle theory. In addition, Phillips used engineering systems expressions to the blocked loop systems, fabrication faults, positive and negative feedback, adjustment factor, habitual parameter are organized.The economics of all this come up to from the neoclassical IS-LM model. Phillips precise the equations of the income expenditure relation or savings investing characteristics with investment depends on the interest rate and the accelerator, record modification, and liquidity preference. The labor supply based on the money wage rate, the usual Keynesian formulation. Later than, the Marshallian neoclassicist A. C. Pigou assault the fix-wage conference 74. According to Pigou, there was a distinguished compassion in money wages-even if monopolist unit made this slow and only partly followed by a fall in real wages- because the drop in nominal values could have a actual bala nce effect on savings, which would direct to a increase in investment. Also, neoclassical Keynesians renowned that a decrease in nominal values, when liquidity preferences were not considerably flexible, would cause a decrease in the money rate of interest (the LM curve shifting right) and a rise in investment 43, 200. Moreover, there exists exclusive equilibrium in the economy having full employment. In 1954, Phillips, possibly owing to his inter penalizing make out provoke to smash from the conference of the neoclassical fusion. He depicts a association among the level of production and the rate of change of factor prices.The merchandise price relatively than the money wage level emerges on the vertical axis of rotation since, given constant yield, there was a conversational relation among relative money wage and price changes. The economy was stable, defined by a steady price level. On the other hand there would be disequilibrium in the economy, if the firm slips up to produce t he quantity relative to equilibrium demand. Changing price would receive effect, pretty like the Samuelson-Hansen linear model so as to, the rate of shift of product prices (P) was relative to the difference of real production from the level of equilibrium. (The slighter the production error, the improved the linear equation would near to his nonlinear curve suggesting higher money wage unfeelingness in the unemployment range) 69, 308. Afterward the price change moreover distorted the interest rate in the same or factual balances in the reversal course. To raise the speed of error correction, a monetary policy mental institution on the morality of habitual modifiable systems would be sufficient 69, 315. The original Phillips curve, like a courageous inference that begin development of a theoretical model in arithmetic or the physical sciences, was inwards at by deductive conjecture stated in green, a theoretical terms 48 what neoclassical lane between micro and macro-economic it assured to free. Prior to that could happen, though, the Phillips supposition required systematic testing and theoretical proof. hard-nosed scrutiny When Phillips draft the 1954 curve which showed that money wage rate modification in deflation and inflation was irregular he was annoying to integrate an old, prize observation into a hypothetical configuration. Phillips furnished an example of this examination.When labor demand is lofty and very fewer are unemployed, we should anticipate employers bid wage rate fairly swift. On the other aspect, it emerge that workers are indisposed to offer their services at lower than the existing rates when the labor demand is low high unemployment faced by economy, so that wages become low very slowly. Inevitable, Phillipss study on a virtual(a) model objectifying this trendy observation had its example 5. The adjoining inquiry was by Professor Arthur J. Brown 88. Phillips and Brown mutually deliberate the history of wage transformation, usi ng the same traditional data basis and pleasing the pre-World War I period as a bum. Both researchers had the similar figures (that is the one-year rate of adjust of money wage rates and unemployment percentages) confirmation on arithmetic flee diagrams casing the pre-World War I, interwar and post-World War II periods. They distinct the similar relationship between merchandise price and changes of money wage rates. Both mantic a contrary relationship between unemployment and inflation inside each pre-World War I cycle. However, unlike Phillips, Brown evince that the accurate inflation-unemployment relation diverse obviously from cycle to cycle. Furthermore, Brown supposed that cost transforms distinct to the plane of aggregate demand were the foremost reason of inflation during the post-World War I and II periods.Browns immense inflation thus advocated policies of reducing cost 13. In distinction, Phillips accomplished that there had been a steady century long, contrary relatio n among the rate of change of money wage and unemployment, and affirmed that the price plane would be steady if unemployment were reserved. The same research by two researchers escorted to inconsistent conclusions a general experience in the narration of science in which each experimenter inferred the pragmatic data according to his own preceding, hypothetical perception. Moreover, the consequences had instant policy proposition. In the mid-1950s, there was a animated arguments among demand-pull and cost-push bloc regarding the grounds of inflation and the policies implemented against inflation. Brown, a cost-push Keynesian, and legion(predicate) classmates of Phillips responsive of his continuing research energetically contributed in this 47. Phillipss 1958 article truly encouraged the demand-pull case. To sustain their deviating policies, Brown and Phillips keen to the similar facts, annual wage rate transforms and unemployment percents. But such essentials as recent methodologi sts have strained, were not specified but created. Phillips really sincerely condemns the data, which were very insufficient for the foundation period as the key sources were the records of trade unification to which few employees belong. Moreover, union wage records were of regular, not valuable rates.Furthermore, Phillipss dealing of the data was mocked by economists at the Keynesian National lend of Economics and Social Research (NIESR) 768 and Oxford Institute 45 because (1) Phillips exercise fixed weight wage and unemployment catalogs substituted of wage slanted indexes which permitted for transformation in numbers engaged by industry, (2) the unemployment and the wage sample did not comprise the same industries, and (3) the unemployment and wage sequence were not coordinated. By the era of 1960, statisticians had enhanced Phillipss scatter diagram. However they stress that the premature data could not sustain a particular statistical relation between wage inflation and unemp loyment. But Brown had not yet seen a broad relation. And the question was who had Phillips? Phillips simplifies the scatter diagram by pertaining a re

Cultural Research of Nayar of India

Cultural Research of Nayar of India This look for paper provides insights into the policy-making Organization, Gender Relations, and Beliefs and Values of the agrarian bothege and heathen practices of the Nayar people of south India. By at a lower placestanding the Nayar conclusion, people may cleanse understand and appreciate cultural differences between the Nayar finis and that of their own.In the essay, nigh Aspects of Nayar Life Panikkar (1918) states, The Nayars argon at present an essentially agricultural population. The spacious majority of them are peasant proprietors owning small farms. Rice and coco-nuts are the oral sex things cultivated, though in North Malabar pepper and card oman guard as hearty their share (p.285).It should also be noted that states are much to a greater extent complex and stratified than chiefdoms, so it is not feasible to rely whole on kinship as a recruitment method. In state systems, kill ownership and occupation are at least as important as kinship as a system of natural composition the state itself becomes a key institution of organization. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch.7.8, n. p.).Of particular pertain is the particular that the Nayar as with disparate association societies, marry within their own caste. go this similarity with another(prenominal) endogamous societies helps to preserve the class of people, the Nayar marriage practices start out considerably from other agrarian states and caste for which I explain later(prenominal).Political OrganizationThe political system among the Nayar people has as with just about cultures that take hold been the target of colonialism and capitalism, seen considerable change over last several coulomb long time. Much of the former kinship, matrilineal and political structures and systems of the Nayar culture confuse all but vanished. Kathleen Gough (1952), stated that Later in the nineteenth century, more planted economic changes took place, and these have increased in momentum until all the traditionalistic groupings of caste, village and lineage are dis-integrating (p. 79).The political and economic influence during the later part of 19th century by the British probably had the most notable impact on the Nayar people. European military forces and government structures as well as the debut of machines played a significant parting in the changing political and economic structures and systems as well as building of permanent roads and railroads.The introduction of new trading opportunities, realignment of jobs, tighter controls to hear peace, increased use of monetary currency, and broader reaching governmental jurisdiction across caste and villages played a vital role in redesigning the Nayar culture and politics as well.Evidence of this breaking down of prior systems has been draw as The expansion of trade, the introduction of new technological devices, and the opening up of new occupations, produce new economic classes betwe en which there is mobility, and which to or so extent cut across the affiliations and ranking of caste. (Gough, 1952, p. 81). Through the elimination of caste ranking, socioeconomic and sociopolitical class rankings no longer limit Nayar people from changing class levels and limits have become more aligned with performance and education.With the introduction of formal government, monetary systems, increased import and export as well as technological advances, the former Nayar methods of controlling the distribution of wealth, food and other trade labor as well as class distinctions have resulted in a more individualistic society. Along with these changes, the Nayar people are increasingly integrating practices common in more advanced capitalistic and socialistic society forms of government, business, and family traffichips.Gender RelationsAnthropologists studying the Nayar society of south westbound India continue to struggle with defining certain aspects of gender relations in a western context. One such area of significant interest and difficulty is in contrasting Nayar marriage with marriage in western society and terms. While marriage may be seen by more as a cultural universal heretofore in condition of variations such as polygamy, the Nayar marriage purpose and experience is quite different from marriages in most other societies. Perhaps, such significant differences would be more understandable if a different term other than marriage was utilise to represent Nayar marriage.One example of the differences in Nayar marriages as stated by Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008) was that The Nayar of India practiced a form of non-fraternal polyandry in which several men were concurrently the husbands of one wife. Usually only the first husband underwent a ritual marriage with the woman before she raiseed puberty (p.11). This cultural practice appears to be an extraordinary feature article of the Nayar unlike most other marriage constructs. non so much perha ps as a woman having quaternate simultaneous husbands although rare, but having ritual marriages with a woman that has not reached puberty.In order to further elaborate on the marriage of young ladys that have not yet reach puberty, I should explain that Before a girl reaches puberty, a Nayar girl is married to a man as a rite of passage. The man she marries has no rights to the girl, and she has no obligation to him. When she is older, the girl is allowed to enter into other marriages and have children with those husbands. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.)Anthropologist suspect that by maintain a by and large committed marriage relationship with both men and women being sexually active with other mates or spouses, it allows men to stay external for long periods of time with little affect on the family system.Another characteristic of the Nayar gender relationship was with regard to the definition of the national unit or nuclear family in that The central Nayar domestic unit consisted of a mother, her daughters and their children husbands and wife did not set up house together (Koktvedgaard, 2008, p. 11).While for nigh it may be difficult to show proper respect for the differences in marriage practices and to fully comprehend how the standard definition of a domestic unit that does not include a husband or overprotect could exist, these are important distinctions remain.Interactions by an outsider with popular opinions that differ from Nayar gender relations and beliefs could easily produce criticisms or a sense of condemnation which could pronto derail otherwise honest attempts at gaining progress or cooperation. It has been recognise however that the influence of British colonization and the exposing of criticisms and by force that the matrilineal change to patrilineal form of family organization has been made.Beliefs and ValuesOver thousands of years of considerable influence by mainstream religious faith denominations such as Christianity, Juda ism, and Hindiism, the Nayar have been substantially un-phased in adopting one of the recognized religions.Evidence of the drop of adoption of a primary religion by the Nayar is stated as Nothing shows so much the extreme persistence of primitive culture, even in the face of higher civilising agencies, than the wide and almost universal credenza of spirit- pietism, and the almost entire absence of religious life among the Nayars after at least twenty centuries of contact with Hinduism Panikkar, (1918), p.277.While the Nayar do use Hindu temples for worship and ceremonies, the nature of these particular practices are not recognized under any Hindu creed or other religion for that matter. The Nayar belief in magic and spirit worship continues although they are recognized leading in literature and music within their culture and subsequently would not be considered uncivilized.Another characteristic of the Nayar people is where they fit within a caste society. A caste is an endoga mous social grouping into which a person is born and within which a person remains throughout his or her lifetime. It is an ascribed position. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.). Within these groupings, marriages and other interactions which were tightly controlled even forbid physical touch across caste. With the capitalistic evolution and exposure to western culture, the estimation too many of the cross-caste practices continue to see change.The impact on word of honors or considerations concerning life, business or religion with Nayar people considering both the likely absence of common religious beliefs and belief in magic and spirit worship could be significant. Consider a Christian believer entering into discussion with a Nayar community by condemning Nayar core religious beliefs in hopes of collecting contributions for acquiring land for a new church. In this example, it is supposed(prenominal) this approach would succeed given criticism of beliefs as a theme for support .If religious beliefs vary as significantly as I have described, what is valued is also in conflict. These differences would then become obstacles in coming together towards common goals if not taken into consideration prior to presenting a position introducing mutually beneficial outcomes in which both parties increase items or results of value.ConclusionThe Nayar depended largely on rice for food and to a lesser extent vegetables, fish, and poultry. The formation and growth of families was largely relative to the amount of land they owned and the class of house. The ownership or family structure that developed as a result was more of a community or bodied type of ownership model which was significantly linked to the women and her side of the family in years past.The Nayar are heavily involved in politics and other forms of industrialized production observable by the number of local produce businesses while continuing their tradition of agriculture. In many ways, the Nayar peopl e and culture has adopted many aspects of American and European culture.By gaining a give way understanding of the Nayar political organizations, gender relations, and beliefs and values, people from other cultures will conk out understand and appreciate the cultural differences. This enhanced awareness will be beneficial in helping to offer solutions to problems in government, business growth, housing, and as other forms of industry are introduced or sought out.

Reflective Essay on Personal Strengths

brooding Essay on Personal StrengthsPersonal Strengths 2IntroductionStrengthsQuest is a own(prenominal)ity assessment tool procedured by c beer-oriented companies and schools to admirer break what c beers a given person might be suitable for. This is a test approximately 150 questions long, that measures ones bloom cardinal personality stances, so that those top five whitethorn be recognized and utilized in a proficient manner within that persons career. This maximizes ones achievementable efficiency. This report leave alone analyze my top five personal military saturations and make a correlation between them and my future career endeavors.Personal Strengths ThemesMy top five personal effectualnesss are vox populi, duty, Competition, Developer, and Relator. In order to further discuss these strengths, one mustiness(prenominal) mystify a basic clearing of what goes into each strength theme.BeliefIf you possess a strong Belief theme, you generate certain perfume v alues that are enduring. These values vary from one person to an an separate(prenominal), scarce ordinarily your Belief theme causes you to be family-oriented, altruistic, even spiritual, and to value tariff and high ethics- twain in yourself and others. These core values affect your appearance in many slip fashion. They give your life meaning and satisfaction in your view, mastery is more(prenominal) than money and prestige. They provide you with direction, guiding you by means of the temptations and distractions of life toward a consistent set of priorities. This consistency is the foundation for completely your relationships. Your friends call you dependable. I know where you stand, they say. Your Belief makes you easy to trust. It also demands that you find work that meshes with your values. Your work must be meaningful it must matter to you. And guided by your Belief theme it will matter and if it gives you a occur to live out your values (StrengthsQuest 2010).Persona l Strengths 3ResponsibilityYour Responsibility theme forces you to take psychological ownership for anything you commit to, and whether large or small, you feel emotionally bound to follow it through to completion. Your good find depends on it. If for some reason you pottynot deliver, you automatically start to discover for counsellings to make it up to the other person. Apologies are not enough. Excuses and rationalizations are tout ensemble unacceptable. You will not quite be able to live with yourself until you acquit made restitution. This conscientiousness, this near obsession for doing things right, and your impeccable ethics, combine to create your record utterly dependable. When assigning freshly responsibilities, people will look to you low because they know it will get done. When people come to you for sponsor-and they soon will-you must be selective. Your instinctiveness to volunteer may some eons lead you to take on more than you should (StrengthsQuest 2010).C ompetitionCompetition is rooted in comparison. When you look at the world, you are instinctively aware of other peoples performance. Their performance is the ultimate yardstick. No matter how hard you tried, no matter how worthy your intentions, if you reached your goal unless did not outperform your peers, the achievement feels hollow. Like all competitors, you need other people. You need to compare. If you can compare, you can manage, and if you can compete, you can win. And when you win, there is no feeling quite the like it. You like measurement because it facilitates comparisons. You like other competitors because they invigorate you. You like contests because they must produce a winner. You particularly like contests where you know you have the inside track to be the winner. Although you are merciful to your fellow competitors and even stoic in defeat, you dont compete for the fun of competing. You compete to win. Over time you will come to avoid contests where winning f oregatherms incredible (StrengthsQuest 2010).DeveloperYou see the potential in others. Very often, in fact, potential is all you see. In your view no individual is fully formed. On the contrary, each individual is a work in progress, alive with possibilities. And you are raddled toward people for this very reason. When you interact with others, your goal is to help them experience success. You look for ways to challenge them. You devise interesting experiences that can stretch them and help them grow. And all the while you are on the lookout for the signs of growth-a new behavior learned or modified, a slight improvement in a skill, a glimpse of excellence or of flow where previously there were only halting steps. For you these small increments- invisible to some-are clear signs of potential organismness realized. These signs of growth in others are your fuel. They bring you strength and satisfaction. Over time many will seekPersonal Strengths 4you out for help and encouragement because on some level they know that your helpfulness is two genuine and fulfilling to you (StrengthsQuest 2010).RelatorRelator describes your attitude toward your relationships. In simple terms, the Relator theme pulls you toward people you already know. You do not necessarily shy away from meeting new people-in fact, you may have other themes that cause you to enjoy the thrill of crook strangers into friends- save you do derive a great deal of pleasure and strength from being around your close friends. You are comfortable with intimacy. Once the sign connection has been made, you deliberately encourage a deepening of the relationship. You want to understand their feelings, their goals, their fears, and their dreams and you want them to understand yours. You know that this kind of closeness implies a certain amount of risk-you might be taken advantage of-but you are willing to accept that risk. For you a relationship has value only if it is genuine. And the only way to know that is to entrust yourself to the other person. The more you share with each other, the more you risk together. The more you risk together, the more each of you proves your caring is genuine. These are your steps toward real friendship, and you take them willingly (StrengthsQuest 2010).Career CorrelationsPhysical physical fitness has always been my passion. I am currently working on acquiring a Bachelors degree in exercise science. With that being said, I have two routes that I would like to go. I would either like to be an athletic coach of some kind, or a personal trainer. With the strength themes I exhibited, these career fields are somewhat perfect for me.With the strength theme, Belief, I want nothing more than to make a departure in peoples lives, through the avenue of physical fitness. By doing this, I can be happy with myself even if I dont make a net ton of money. I believe that if you love what you do, the money will fall in to place (Ted Leonsis 2010). I am a fully grown advocate of having a purpose in everything you do, whether large or small. My Belief, is that, I can have a positive influence on someones life, andPersonal Strengths 5 enlighten them values and help them achieve personal goals they have set for themselves, through sports or working out.Responsibility is my next theme, which gives me accountability to my future clients and players. I am not one to give up in anything when something doesnt go my way. If I commit to something, theres no turning back from it (Rotegrd,A.,Moore,S.,Fagermoen,M.,Ruland,C. 2010). If I cannot hand something or make a mistake, I dont try to make excuses, but rather, learn from it and move on. It is that sense of Responsibilty.Competition is a great strength theme for me, especially given the option of coaching. Competition is a way that I can measure my work ethic and achievement motivation. I have a need to compare and contrast myself with others around me (Vetter,R.,Symonds,M. 2010). non in the sense tha t I am better than they are, but continuously trying to better myself, by learning from those who I feel are better competitors. Competition can be a great addition when used right.Developer is another great strength, because it can be applied, so easy, to both personal training and coaching as well. I think it is requirement for both too. I am good at seeing the big picture in people. I can see how someone may be good at something, but then know how to arrest their skills enough to help make them great at it. Through precision, non-complacency, and tending to details, I can help bring out the potential in others (Mark Helfand 2005). This is a huge driving force for me.Finally, Relator is the last of my top five strength themes. Relator allows me to connect with those I work with. Empathy is so very grievous to both athletics and personal training.Personal Strengths 6When you can see through someone elses eyes, you can share a bond with them that allows you to use a leadership role, by giving advice and making corrections without being questioned. It builds trust between both parties and allows for more efficient goal achievement.These top five strength themes that I exhibit, I believe, are not only perfect for coaching or personal training, but are, absolutely requirement in being successful as well.Personal StrengthsReferencesMark Helfand. (2005). using Evidence Reports Progress And Challenges In Evidence-Based Decision Making.Health Affairs,24(1),123-127.Ted Leonsis. (2010,April). How to Build a felicitous Company.Newsweek,155(15).Rotegrd,A.,Moore,S.,Fagermoen,M.,Ruland,C..(2010). Health assets A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies,47(4),513.Vetter,R.,Symonds,M..(2010). CORRELATIONS surrounded by INJURY, TRAINING INTENSITY, AND PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EXHAUSTION AMONG COLLEGE ATHLETES.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,24(3),587-96.

Theories of Motivation: Analysis of Maslow and McClelland

Theories of Motivation Analysis of Mas diminished and McClellandWhy be thither multiple theories of want in organizational doings? Discuss this dubiety by including a critical evaluation of two theories of motif.The purpose for pen this essay is to describe different motivational theories by concentrating on how managers make a motion employees in an industry with a high level of turnover and subaltern levels of motivation. This essay impart generally evaluate Maslows pecking order of involve possible action and McClellands Needs of Achievement conjecture and it will include some opposite theories to jut out the argument.Many organisations face difficulties when trying to motivate their staff to complete a given task. If the employees ar function the company is likely to be undefeated and achieve set goals. To be able to understand motivation and the mode it works, first we clear to understand human nature itself. In round cases this could be a straightforwar d bear upon merely in others it could be very complex. There has to be an effective management and leadership to describe employees through the motivation stages. Many companies believe that pay is the prime motivator, however nowadays people whitethorn want to exceed acknowledgment, factoricipation and heightened brain of worth at the workplace. This is where empowerment plays a very important part in a companys progressionion as it is supported by R.French.potency is the process by which managers delegate power to employees to motivate greater responsibility in balancing the proceeding of some(prenominal) personal and organisational goals. (French, R., Rayner, 2008, rascal knave 184)By empowering employees this will make the staff more satisfied, productive and motivated throughout their working hours. Throughout the years many theorists render try to explain what motivation is by designing theories describing how managers should stimulate their staff.The two approac hes to motivation argon Content and Progress theories and they were published in 1950s. Content theories explain the specific factors that may stimulate people inwardly the organisation by analysing the man-to-mans of necessity and trying to assume what tush motivate their behaviour. On the other hand a Process surmise highlights the thought process by examining how and why individuals decide one action over another(prenominal) at the organisation. This theory mainly focuses on the persons beliefs and how certain performances will lead to rewards such(prenominal)(prenominal) as pay raise and promotion. While both content and progress theories are central in helping us to understand motivation this essay will focus on the content approach in particular the classic motivational theory of Maslows hierarchy and David McClelland involve for deed.Abraham Maslow created the pecking order of trains theory in 1940-50s and to this day its still popular with managers. He developed the hierarchy to understand human motivation, management training, and personal out harvest-home by creating five distinct levels. Maslow designed two main strategies unhorse berth order pauperisations and high order ineluctably. Lower order needs includes Physiological needs (these are the most basic human needs such as food, and water etc) abject one level up is safety needs (which would be need for bail, protection and stability).After an individual has exceeded the lower order needs mentioned higher up, he or she moves on to higher(prenominal) order needs which are Social needs (need for love, affection, relationship with another person), Esteem needs (respect, self esteem, need of esteem from others etc) and after achieving the precedent 4 levels the person progresses to the desired level Self actualisation will motivate both employees and employers. (French R, 2009, page160)However with every motivation theory there has al agencys been disadvantages. Maslow himself has been critical about the theory he created and in a statement he saidMy motivation theory was published 20 years ago and in all that time nobody retell it, or tested, or really analyzed it or criticised it. They just utilise it, swallowed it whole with yet the minor modification (Wilson, F.M 2004, page 146)In approach shot this problem Maslows work has faced a great deal of admonition to whether or not the concepts are different depending on culture. In countries such as Japan and Greece lower order needs such as security motivates employees to work harder more than self actualisation. (R. Rayner, 2009, page 162). Unfortunately those countries tolerate lower employment opportunities therefore residents mainly focus on security needs rather than self actualisation.Whereas some managerial companies disregard the lower order needs and go directly to higher order needs such self esteem and self actualisation. Hall and Nougaim have rig that as managers advanced, safety needs became less important while higher order needs were more important but this could be explained by a process of calling change and advancement. Wilson, F.M (2004, page 147)The above two statements suggest that people do not follow the handed-down process of the hierarchy. Maslow believes that individuals are motivated by unmet needs which are in a hierarchical order people have to keep mournful up the hierarchy in order to succeed, this method has not been followed due to cultural difference and managerial configuration.Touching onto Alderfers ERG theory he argues that Maslows theory is not flexible and as a result of this people may become frustrated as they are not able to move to the next stage. Alderfer has minimized Maslows 5 stages into 3 levels existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. This theory is more flexible as people can rate a level if they cant achieve the higher stage.After having evaluated Maslows hierarchy theory, this essay will now focus on McClelland n eed for achievement theory.Peoples needs keep changing as well as their career occupations. Some seek the need for achievement as a way of motivating themselves at the workplace. Over the years this observable fact has interest David McClelland. After spending 20 years studying at Harvard University McClelland and his associates essay to identify the urge to achieve. They began a long research using thematic Apperception Test (TAT) as an evaluation of individual needs of different people. This is a technique that asks people to develop a spontaneous story for separately photo. David McClelland used the feedback from people and collected data and facts on motivation. After a series of tests using the TATs technique, David McClelland was able to identify three needs, which he believes are important in understanding human motivation and behaviour. These are the need for achievement (nAch), need for affiliation (nAff) and need for power (nPower).Need for achievement is concentrating on those individuals who seek to excel and therefore tend to avoid low and high risks situations. They have a desire to achieve something superior and abide to the bottom of problems as well as completing difficult tasks. They need regular feedback from managers in order to view their progress of their achievement. On the other hand need for affiliation is about creating harmonious connections with other individuals. This convention of people may perform well in customer supporter and consumer interactions situations. Last of David McClelland needs is need for power, this assemblage of people are mainly focused on taking control over others, manage their behaviour or be in charge.Like Maslows Hierarchy theory, David McClellands acquired needs theory has its disadvantages and criticism from other theorists. Erikson proposes that The need to achieve is a behaviour that is only acquired and developed during early childhood therefore if its not mastered at an early stage it cannot be achieved in adult life. French, R. Rayner C, Rees. G, Rumbles.S, Organisational Behaviour, 2009However on the other hand McClelland argues that the need to achieve is behaviour and it can be done through training in adulthood Ref R, French, Organisational Behaviour, 2009, page 164McClelland has already put into practice training in countries such as Kakinda and India and taught people to think, talk and act as high achievers.Other critics have disagree with the influencing attributes of entrepreneurs are paramount. High needs of achievement individuals are unendingly competing with standards of excellence. Further, they are involved with tasks of moderate difficulty.The argument that need for achievement is the dominant motive disposition for entrepreneurs may be in conflict thus with other research (Langan- Fox and Roth 1995)Wilson, F.M (2004). Organisational behaviour and work. Oxford University press, page146 (Lowry 198263)TAT test was similarly criticised by organisations d ue to the length of the examination and the complexity in conducting it.pickings an overlook at the most well know motivational theories, I have been overwhelmed by the demand and expectations each author expects from the individuals.Theorists such as Maslow believe that individuals are motivated by unmet needs which are in a hierarchical order people have to keep moving up the hierarchy in order to succeed. Whereas Herzberg states that joy and dissatisfaction are not on the same range. He believes motivation can cause satisfaction or no satisfaction, as well as hygiene factors can cause dissatisfaction when absent and no dissatisfaction when present. McClellands need for achievement takes it future as he underlies Maslows Hierarch theory self-actualization. However McGregors Theory Y equals much(prenominal) of Maslows self-actualization level of motivation. His theory focuses on self-direction, self-control, and maturity control motivation. Reward systems are an important factor when managers want to motive their staff. I believe that fulfilling external aims is a very common method used to motivate individuals at their work place.Managers can not follow just one of the above theories as each individual has different ways in which they are motivated. I believe that motivation cannot be forced onto an employee it has to come within them. If a certain person does not enjoy their work purlieu it will be impossible for them to be motivated. Over the years theorists have tried to create a theory to accommodate the needs both employers and employees, therefore at the present time we have a ample variety of motivational theories to assume from.Having closely looked at Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and McClellands acquired needs theory ,I have come to a deduction that both theories demonstrate peoples motivation needs, however this a complex process because most individuals are not aware of their motives, their needs and expectations keep chancing. for e ach one of the above theories has its advantages as well as disadvantages its up to the individual to choose which one of them works best.

Whats Plagiarism And Taking Someone Elses Work English Language Essay

Whats Plagiarism And taking Someone Elses Work English Language EssayThe word buc shtupeering comes from a Latin word for kidnapping. We know that kidnapping is stealing a person. Well, piracy is stealing a persons ideas or writing. Also, reproductioning others efforts and imitation of the dustup and thoughts for someone else and show it as your testify achievement. Plagiarism is also a form of cheating, entirely its a little complicated so mogul be done with push through under stand if there are mistakes. at that place is diverse thing people taking much(prenominal) as writing, conversation, song or ideas and present it as your own. This includes information from web pages, books, songs, television shows, email messages, interviews, articles or artworks. Whenever you paraphrase, summarize, or take address, phrases, or sentences from another persons work, it is necessary to indicate the inception of the information within your paper apply an internal quotation mark. It is not exuberant to just list the source in a bibliography at the finale of your paper. Failing to properly quote, make or acknowledge someone elses words or ideas with an internal citation is plagiarism.plagiarism.gifkinds of plagiarismUsing another persons slender words without including quotation marks *and* citation. For example, If you use someone elses exact words, then(prenominal) you must(prenominal) cite the original source (either in a indite or in a citation in the textbook), and you must interpose the words in quotation marks or else set them by from the rest of the text by indenting them from the other text.Using another persons words, hardly changing some of them, or rearranging them. This is plagiarism even if the source is cited.Summarizing or paraphrasing another persons words without citation. If you use what someone else has written, but you describe it or summarize it in your own words, then you dont need to enclose it in quotation marks, but you st ill must provide a citation to the original source, either in a footnote or outright in the text.la_plagiarism.gifExample of plagiarismPlagiarized adaptionIn examining applied science, we halt to remember that computers are not the first technology people defend had to deal with. The first technology was the primitive modes of communion used by prehistoric people before the development of mouth language.Correct VersionIn examining technology, we have to remember that computers are not the first technology people have had to deal with. Frick (1991) believes that the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language (p. 10). References Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. exposition of steal VersionThis example of student written work is plagiarized. The student copied, word-for-word, text from the original source materi al. No credit was given to the informant of the text and quotation marks were not used. Also, the student didnt provide a reference.Explanation of correct VersionNote in this example that the personation begins with the author and year of the publication. Quotation marks are used to indicate that this passage is a word-for-word citation from the original document.Why be implicated about plagiarism?If you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself You dont learn to write out your thoughts in your own words, and you wont receive specific feedback from your instructor pitch to your individual needs and skills.Plagiarism is dishonest and/or misleading because it misrepresents the work of another as your own.Plagiarism violates the Code of Academic Conduct and can lead to Suspension or Dismissal.Plagiarism devalues others original work. Using and submitting a professionals work as your own is taking an unfair advantage everyplace students who do their own work.It is wrong to take or use lieu (an authors work) without giving the owner the credit due. Further, copyright usurpations can result in damages, fines, o worse.The reputation of UC Davis affects the value of your degree student dishonesty hurts UCDs standing and can diminish the worth of your diploma.How can you avoid plagiarism? chicane what plagiarism is ignorance will not excuse a violation. Intentional plagiarism, such as elaborate copying or use of anothers work without credit, submitting a paper from the Internet as ones own, or fastening or falsifying citations to hide sources is very serious, likely to result in Suspension. Unintentional plagiarism may result from not knowing how to cite sources properly, sloppy interrogation and note-taking, or careless cutting and pasting from electronic resources it is still a violation of the Code of Academic Conduct and subject to discipline.Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism* Use your own words and ideas. Practice is essential to learning. Each time you ch oose your words, consecrate your thoughts, and convey your ideas, you can improve your writing.Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material. If you copy and use anothers exact words, you must use quotation marks and cite the source. If you adapt a chart or paraphrase a sentence, you must still cite your source. Paraphrasing is restating the authors ideas, information, and meaning in your own words.Avoid using others work with minor cosmetic changes. Examples using less for fewer, reversing the order of a sentence, changing terms in a computer code, or altering a spreadsheet layout. If the work is essentially the same as your source, give credit.There are no freebies. Always cite words, information and ideas that you use if they are new toyou (learned in your research). No matter where you find it even in on the Internet or in an encyclopedia you cite it bear in mind of common knowledge. You may not have to cite common knowledge, but the fact must really be commonly kn own.When in doubt, cite. bettor to be safe than not give credit when you shouldplagiarism_full.jpgRecoursehttp//www.lib.usm.edu/ legacy/plag/whatisplag.phphttp//www.u.arizona.edu/rlo/482/plagiarism.pdfhttps//www.indiana.edu/istd/examples.htmlhttp//sja.ucdavis.edu/files/plagiarism.pdf

The Character of King Claudius in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Delving into the instance of poof Claudius in Shakespeares tragedy, village, we find a flake who is not totally evil just now rather a conflate of morally good and bad elements. allows explore the mingled dimensions of this many-sided character. Peter Leithart in The serpent Now Wears the Crown A Typological Reading of crossroads, considers the gravity of the main vice of curse of Claudius Claudiuss murder of queen regnant juncture, the act catalyzing the drama of the play, is presented as a sin of primordial character and cosmic implications. Claudius confesses that his fratricide parallels the murder of Abel O, my offense is rank, it smells to heaven It hath the primal firstborn curse upon t, A brothers murder (3.3.36-38). . . . Claudius has not only committed fratricide, exactly regicide. The ability being peculiarly the foresee of God, regicide is a kind of deicide. At least, it is an act of rebellion against divine authority. Claudius is therefrom not only Cain alone Adam.7 Claudiuss sin has, for village at least, dark Denmark into a fallen paradise thorns and thistles dominate the landscape. (n. pag.) The drama opens after Hamlet has just returned from Wittenberg, England, where he has been a student. What brought him home was the impudents of his fathers death and his fathers brothers quick access code to the throne of Denmark. Philip Burton in Hamlet discusses Claudius sudden rise to the Danish throne upon the death of King Hamlet I The fact that Claudius has become king is not really surprising. scarce late in the play does Hamlet complain that his uncle had popped in amidst the election and my hopes. The country had been in a nervous state expecting an intrusion by unripe Fortinbras, at the precede of a lawless rophy of adventurers, in revenge for his fathers death at the detainment of King Hamlet. A strong new king was immediately unavoidable the election of Claudius, particularly in the absence seizure of Hamle t, was inevitable. What is more, it was immediately justified, because Claudius manages to dispel the bane of invasion by appealing to the King of Norway to curb his nephew, Fortinbras the ambitious young soldier was the more ready to depart the projected invasion because the disapprove of his revenge, Hamlets father, was now dead, and in return he have free passage through Denmark to armed combat against Poland.The Character of King Claudius in Shakespeares Hamlet GCSE English Literature Coursework Delving into the character of King Claudius in Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, we find a character who is not totally evil but rather a blend of morally good and bad elements. Lets explore the various dimensions of this many-sided character. Peter Leithart in The Serpent Now Wears the Crown A Typological Reading of Hamlet, considers the gravity of the main sin of offense of Claudius Claudiuss murder of King Hamlet, the act catalyzing the drama of the play, is presented as a sin o f primordial character and cosmic implications. Claudius confesses that his fratricide parallels the murder of Abel O, my offense is rank, it smells to heaven It hath the primal eldest curse upon t, A brothers murder (3.3.36-38). . . . Claudius has not only committed fratricide, but regicide. The king being peculiarly the image of God, regicide is a kind of deicide. At least, it is an act of rebellion against divine authority. Claudius is thus not only Cain but Adam.7 Claudiuss sin has, for Hamlet at least, turned Denmark into a fallen Eden thorns and thistles dominate the landscape. (n. pag.) The drama opens after Hamlet has just returned from Wittenberg, England, where he has been a student. What brought him home was the news of his fathers death and his fathers brothers quick accession to the throne of Denmark. Philip Burton in Hamlet discusses Claudius sudden rise to the Danish throne upon the death of King Hamlet I The fact that Claudius has become king is not really surpri sing. Only late in the play does Hamlet complain that his uncle had popped in between the election and my hopes. The country had been in a nervous state expecting an invasion by young Fortinbras, at the head of a lawless band of adventurers, in revenge for his fathers death at the hands of King Hamlet. A strong new king was immediately needed the election of Claudius, particularly in the absence of Hamlet, was inevitable. What is more, it was immediately justified, because Claudius manages to dispel the threat of invasion by appealing to the King of Norway to curb his nephew, Fortinbras the ambitious young soldier was the more ready to cancel the projected invasion because the object of his revenge, Hamlets father, was now dead, and in return he received free passage through Denmark to fight against Poland.

Interest Groups :: essays research papers

pastime Groups Help More Than HurtVoter tackle has declined since 1960 but participation in involution groups has been growing. Participating in engagement groups allows people to take action on issues that are most primal to them. Unlike some linkage institutions, interest groups have a really close connection to government. vex groups are an essential part of the parliamentary system because they allow the public to enter the political system, bring up specific issues in government, and help congress in various ways.Interest groups specialize in policies where as interest groups are policy generalists. Statistics carry that most Ameri digests are neither radically conservative or patient of but in between or moderate. Both parties have lately tried to conform to the moderate view, but this makes it hard for voters to commit to adept party. Many people are split-ticket voters. Both domiciliatedidates and parties are hard to tote up with totally because there are so man y different issues. Interest groups give people the chance to support specifically what they care round most. These groups are significant to the democratic system because they allow the public to demand involved and in their political system.Political parties (policy generalists) have a extensive amount of issues on their agenda to be concerned with while interest groups get to rivet on a single issue. Interest groups can call attention to an issue that could be ignored otherwise. Since groups know more(prenominal) about specific issues than the government, they can make sure that an issue is non overlooked. Interest groups bring attention to the issues that government should focus on. Thus, the government can determine which issues have priority.Through interacting with congress, interest groups motivate the House and Senate to concentrate on their issue. The relationship between congress and interest groups is one where two benefit. Groups interact with congress with lobby ing, electioneering and litigation. Groups help congress by full-grown them information, doing research, providing money, helping with political strategy, helping with campaign strategy, or other chores that congressmen do not have time for. Congress, in turn, helps interest groups by livelihood their issues in congress.

Oedipus The King: Role Of Gods Essay -- Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Gods can be vile sometimes. In the play Oedipus the King, Sophocles defamed the gods reputation, and lowered their status by fashioning them look harmful and poisonous. It is known that all gods should be perfect and infallible, and should even up rightice and equity, but with Oedipus, the gods decided to annihilate him and his family for no reason. It might be hard to believe that gods can watch humanistic traits, but in fact they do. The gods, especially Apollo, ar considered evil by the reader because they done for(p) an innocent mans life and his family. They drop offed Oedipus by imperative his fate, granting people the power of omen, telling Oedipus about his fate through the prophet of Apollo, and finally afflicting the people of Thebes with a dreadful plague. Fundamentally, by utilizing fate, prophecies, the oracle of Apollo, and the plague, the gods play a significant role in the destruction of Oedipus and his family. By do exploitering fate, the gods carry all the responsibility of Oedipus in killing his father and marrying his mother. They are the only ones who can control fate, and thus they are the only ones to blasted for what happened to Oedipus. They could have made Oedipus life less miserable, but they decided to destroy his and his familys life by this terrible fate without him committing a sin. It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, who brought to fulfilment all my sufferings. But the hand that struck my eyes was mine and mine alone. Oedipus blames Apollo for his two take downful crimes that caused his sufferings. On the other hand, he admits that the gods had nonhing to do with his blindness, and that hes responsible for that. Also, in the previous quote, Oedipus tries to diminish his shame by convincing his people that it is not his fault, but Apollos, for murdering his father and marrying his mother. The incorrupt of this story is that human beings cant escape their fate, and thus it is not Oedipus fault for committing those two crimes.To destroy Oedipus, the gods granted the power of prophecy to oracles that delivered these prophecies to Laius and Jocasta. As a result, they kill their child to get rid of him and his terrible prophecies. Unfortunately, these prophecies came authentic because Oedipus didnt know his real parents. If he had known his real parents, he wouldnt have killed his father and married his mother. I would never have be... ...the murderer is in Thebes. Here in Thebes, Apollo said. What is searched for can be caught. What is unheeded escapes. Basically, the gods concluded their destruction series in condemning Oedipus to exile or having him executed.In conclusion, the gods, Apollo in particular, played a major part in the overall circumstances of Oedipus. Oedipus destruction influenced his family, and thus the gods demolished an entire family. As a result of this terrible destruction of a mans life and his family, the reader would consider the gods guilty and evil. The gods followed f our steps to destroy Oedipus completely. First, they controlled his fate and led him to murder his father, and marry his mother. They provided people with the power of prophecy to make Laius and Jocasta give away their child. Not only that, but Apollos oracle told Oedipus about his terrible fate that involve his parents to make him break to Thebes. Finally, they send a plague to the Thebans for not punishing the murderer of their king, which results in Oedipus exile or execution. Oedipus, the wise king, has never been destroyed by an evil man, but he was totally destroyed by what they call merciful, just gods.

Essay --

El trax es la porcin del cuerpo que se halla entre el cuello y el abdomen. Envuelve las costillas y el esternn. Interiormente en el pecho se localiza diversos rganos como el corazn, pulmones y esfago. La pleura, una membrana de tejido delgado, reviste el interior de la cavidad torcica.Observa el trax space-reflection symmetry determinar si la frecuencia y los movimientos respiratorios son normales Para que luego se percute el pecho con los dedos para saber si los pulmones estn llenos de aire, lo que es normal, o bien si contienen lquido, lo cual es anormal. La percusin tambin permite determinar si la membrana que envuelve el corazn (pericardio) o la que cubre los pulmones (pleura) contiene lquido.Colocar la mano sobre el trax para determinar el tamao del corazn y el tipo y la fuerza de las contracciones durante cada latido. A veces, un flujo de sangre anormal y turbulenta dentro de los vasos o entre las cavidades del corazn, provoca una vibracin que se percibe con las yemas de los d edos o con la palma de la mano. Un flujo sanguneo turbulento generalmente aparece cuando la sangre pasa por vlvulas estrechas o que no cierran bien.En el caso de los derrames pleurales se encuentra matidez a la percusin (eventualmente con curva de Damoiseau) con disminucin de las vibraciones vocales a la palpacin. En el caso de condensaciones pulmonares se encuentra matidez en la percusin con aumento de la transmisin de las vibraciones vocales en la palpacin. En el caso de una atelectasia se comporta parecido a un derrame pleural pero no se da una curva de Damoiseau. En el caso de un hemidiafragma ascendido matidez de la base, falta de desplazamiento con la respiracin, ausencia de transmisin de vibraciones vocales en esa zona. En el caso... ...a columna. Colocando el fonendoscopio sobre las arterias y las venas en cualquier lugar del cuerpo, se pueden detectar seales de flujo turbulento, llamados soplos, causados por un estrechamiento de los vasos o por comunicaciones anormales ent re ellos. No todas las enfermedades cardacas provocan soplos y no todos los soplos indican un trastorno.En una estenosis mitral en ritmo sinusal ritmo regular primer ruido acentuado en el distole se ausculta un chasquido de apertura seguido por una rodada mitral, de intensidad III/VI, con un refuerzo pre sistlico. En una insuficiencia artica en ritmo sinusal ritmo regular segundo ruido disminuido de intensidad soplo diastlico en decrescendo, grado II/VI, que se ausculta en el foco artico y borde para esternal izquierdo. Soplo meso sistlico grado II/VI en el foco artico que se irradia a la base del cuello.

The Importance of Uniforms in Public Schools Essay -- Argumentative Pe

The sizeableness of Uniforms in Public SchoolsAbstract For a while, window- deck out codes have been implemented in occult and parochial schools crossways the county. It wasnt until more recent that the issue was brought to discussion about a do code in globe schools. Uniforms serve a subprogram to the schools that atomic number 18 adapting the change in attire. The uniform dress code has helped make private and parochial schools more prestigious for their organization and the results of it. Uniforms would be beneficial to the public school arranging because a lot of what the public school system is known for would be stopped because of the newly executed dress code.The Importance of Uniforms in Public SchoolsImagine a world where there was no organization, and it can be related to a public school. Imagine a world with no violence and gangs and class separation, and you can relate it to a parochial or private school. This is quite possibly due to the feature that the priva te and parochial schools use uniforms. Public schools have recently stepped up to their A game around the country by implementing a new dress code. This dress code involves the required clothing in uniforms, which for a male child may include, a blazer, a polo shirt, a tie, khaki pants and dress shoes and for a girl, a polo shirt with a plaid skirt, sportsmanlike socks and dress black shoes. This type of attire in school puts students in the mindset for future life, while making them feel as if they be accomplishing a great deal. While uniforms were first used in England as a source to ostracize poor children who could not afford attire, their purpose has changed drastically over the past century to represent the complete reversal then their origination. The use of uniforms have been par... ...ckquemore. The Effect of assimilator Uniforms on Attendance, sort Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement. The Journal of Educational Research 13 Feb. 1998. The agnatic Actio n Committee of Polk County, Florida. 5 Apr. 2000 <http//www.members.tripod.com/rockqu/ uniform.html.Million, June. (1996 April). Do the Clothes Make the Student? School Uniforms May be Coming Your Way. NAESP. Retrieved 26 April 2005. From the world immense web http//www.naesp.org/ContentLoad.do?conten tId= 266&action=print. Summers, Norman. (2001 October) ?The effects of dress on School Discipline.? Retrieved 29 April 2005. from the world wide web (becomes Adobe Reader).Williams, Darlene. ?School Uniforms. The Raging Debate.? Retrieved 29 April 2005. From the world wide web file///E/ISTC%20201/School%20Uniforms%20The% 20Raging%20Debate%20by%20Darlene%20Williams.htm

Matewan and Norma Rae Essay -- Capitalism Feudalism Economics Essays

Matewan and Norma RaeTheoretically, the characters of both Matewan, and Norma Rae take part in a capitalistic alliance. In both placements the people are partaking in a form of perseverance market, where they are selling their time and energy. However, the town of Matewan, governed by the cavity kitty Coal Companies monopoly on the land and businesses, and isolated by distance and special technology, as fallen into a feudalistic condition. Despite the fact that Norma Raes littler hometown of Alabama bears a great resemblance to the town of Matewan, their economic situation remains a form of capitalism. Though the Henely hoagy is a dominate force in the minute town, with a strong financial predominate over the citizens, it is not as dictatorial of the society as the infernal region Mountain Coal Company is over Matewan.In signing the Stone Mountain Coal Companys contract the scorch miners did not simply play off to sell the corporation their time and labor they signed a way their lives. In a capitalistic society one goes to work in an labor of their choosing, is compensated with a fair wage. In such a society the business one works for has no authority over where their workers eat, sleep, or spend their leisure hours. However, the town of Matewan is trapped under the hegemonic power of the char company. The coal company has a monopoly over the predominant natural resources in the area. Their ownership is not only limited to the coalmines, but to the general store, and the much of the towns lodgment. Within the bonding contract of the mine workers are forbidden to deprave their supplies from anywhere other than the general store, and are forced to reside in the coal companys housing. The coal company enforces this by paying their workers in company script... ... were not only forced to reside in company housing and buy for the company store, but were also forbidden to launch a union. Norma Rae, and her fellow workers, were not under a binding contract to the Henely Mill and were tied to the organization only when working on the grounds. Due to their contractual agreement, or lack thereof, the Henely Mill workers held the legal rights to form a union, where the coal miners were banned from us and undertaking. A union formation was possible in Norma Raes town due to one essential element the legal rights, and presidential term support. This was made possible by the time frame, and the geographical location of the small Alabama town. Ruperts odyssey to begin a union was fully supported by the U.S. government he held the rights to inspect the mill, put up notices, and converse with the workers on their off hours and breaks.

Othellos Jealousy in William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Papers

Othellos Jealousy in William Shakespeares OthelloIn Shakespeares Othello we are introduced into a web of a world entangled with lies, jealousy, and eventually tragedy. We observe as Iago single handedly destroys the matrimony shared between Othello and the bonnie Desdemona. He does so with a flurry of deceit and trickery, playing upon one and only(a) of the strongest human emotions, that of jealousy. Iago offers a story of betrayal to his master Othello, which ensnares his soul in a jealous rage of infidelity and honesty. Iago convinces his master that his beloved wife, Desdemona, is ill-judged in her virtue and with his right hand man Cassio nonetheless. Iago offers many proofs to his lord, close of which are deceitful, but alas some that only work to set forth the flame of jealousy in Othello. We shall examine each one and melt down Iagos plan to dethrone his lord Othello, the Moor whom he despises so much. We first find Iago sparking the flame of jealousy in Othellos wit when he asks of the honesty of Cassio, as well as Desdemona. Iago sly as he may be begins Othello to suspect ...

Acid Rain :: essays research papers fc

There is a grand problem today in our world, and its effects are astronomical. This problem is red-hot rain. Acid rain is any precipitation rain, snow, or fog that contains stingings such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These chemicals are byproducts of industrial processes and or intense of fossil fuels. The United States pumped a disgusting 16.8 tons of SO2 into the atmosphere in 1995 (Alm 349.) Nitrogen oxide emissions come mainly from the combustion engines, that operate our vehicles, furnaces, industrial and electrical utility boilers and engines. It is hard to believe that in the United States, to a fault in 1995, the NOx emissions were an estimated 21.7 tons in weight ( Alm 349.) If these pollutants are fork up in the atmosphere, they can travel, via wind currents, long distances, and return to the earth fade away in one or more types of precipitation contaminated by said chemical waste. Regular old rain, not contaminated by acid, is slightly acidic, with a p H of 5.6. This slight acidity is caused by century dioxide, that is naturally found in the atmosphere.Acid rain effects both single aspect of every ecosystem. Acid rain is devastating to aquatic life, crops and forests, and not to mention human life. One would tend to think that acid rain would greatly affect trees and plants, this based on the trees direct contact with the acid rain. An estimated sixty five percent of trees are effected by acid rain. The leaves of the trees are scarred by the rain, the seeds sterilized, and the immune system of entire forests are damaged, exposing them to disease infestation. The growth of forestlands can in addition be greatly slowed by the effects of acid rain. Lakes are also greatly affected by contaminated precipitation. It has been discovered that some xx thousand lakes have been turned acidic through groundwater contamination by acid rain. Fish start to die at around a pH of below 5.6. There are natural buffers such as calcium and lime i n lakes to help neutralize these acids. If there arent enough buffer materials, or they are completely neutralized by the acids, the pH will not get better, and the lake will become sterile (Public 22.) What can we do to help control the problem of acid rain? Well, the obvious comes to mind. The emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that are released into the air must be controlled.

Coop :: essays research papers

My advice to someone starting line his or her henhouse would be to start as soon as possible. 150 or 250 hours is a long time, especially if you already have another job. This batting cage led to two and a half months of a very in use(p) and hectic schedule. It is a very important part of the learning puzzle out and I dont recommend rushing it. In my cocktail dress I found it a difficult task remembering where I was supposed to be on a certain day, so I bought myself a day planner. I also advise future students starting their coops from trying to do things that you may not feel comfortable with. With me, I was not very comfortable with some of the DOS commands needed to figure of speech a new computer. All you have to do is ask someone, no matter how dumb you think the question is because this is supposed to be a learning experience and it depart also help you learn to communicate. You will get more out of the coop by asking questions, which wherefore we do the coop.BBS Compu ting is located in Greece New York It is a Computer Sales, Service center that also does some Networking systems. Paul Saussa, Ron Bess and rear Bonacci are both owners and employees of the patronage. It is a relatively small business that in general does computer sales and repair with some occasional networking jobs. The actual business consists of a fate room and a workshop. The showroom has different models of computers that customers burn down have built to buy. There are 4 different types depending on a customers budget for a computer. The low-end models consisting of a Pentium third processor and 256 Mb of RAM and the basic keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, and speakers, and the high-end models consisting of a Pentium 4 processor or equivalent with 256 or more Mb of DDR RAM and agiotage speakers, keyboard, mouse, printer and monitor. Thus, meaning you get what you pay for. The display models allow you to show a customer some of the features of the different types of c omputer systems that are offered. much(prenominal) things as operating systems such as Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000, and Windows XP, and also programs like Nero for CD burners, All-in-Wonder TV tuner cards and applications such as Microsoft Office. This was my first hazard to work with Windows XP.

The Red Tent - An Unforgettable Testimony to Women’s Strength and Power

The Red Tent - An Unforgettable Testimony to Womens Strength and Power The Red Tent by Anita Diamant illuminates one of the sterling(prenominal) testimonies to womens posture childbirth. On a creative level, Diamant did something extraordinary. She took a polished passage from the Bible about the character Dinah, and made her tommyrot into an red-letter testimony to womens strength and supply. Overlooking womens role in Biblical life is easy because there is practically nothing indite by or about women. Even though Diamants story is fictionalized, there is truth in masking that women did exist, that there was a real important role played by women of that time period, and in showing the power and strength of women in a way that can never be forgotten.Images inspired by Diamants work flooded my conscious. peradventure I was experiencing flashes of my rememory, my collective unconscious coming to life on the written report in front of me. However, it was not just The Red Tent providing me with stimulation, exactly other works such as Toni Morrisons Beloved, Ntozake Shanges for slanting girls who have considered suicide/ when the rainbow is enuf, Mary Olivers The Fish, Judy Chicagos The dinner Party and The Book of Genesis. Each work embodied themes of childbirth and maternity to self-love and social standing, in which I could find connections that affected me creatively. Aesthetically, I intended my visual art to be full and consistent in texture and fecund in my use of sensuous lines. My hope is to celebrate women and the strength that comes from battling adversity, challenge, victimization and in actualizing the power of childbirth. In all of these works, a connection is made these are stories of women that need to be remembered and cel... ...or the strength and power that they possess. Inspired by other great women artists, my intent was to capture that strength and power brought to life through their words. In a world where womens lives, cont ributions and powers are easily overlooked and forgotten, my hope is to give a vowel system to the strength of women. Works CitedDiamant, Anita. The Red Tent. New York Picador, 1997.Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York Penguin Group, 1987.Oliver, Mary. The Fish. Twelve Moons. Little, cook and Co., 1979.Shange, Ntozake. for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf. Ed. 1st Collier Books. Ntozake Shange New York, 1977.Sullivan, Stephanie. The dinner Party. N.pag. On-line. Internet. 7 May 2001 Available WWW http//public.csusm.edu/public/thedinnerparty/index.htmlThe Catholic contract Bible, The Book of Genesis.

Articles Of Confederation :: essays research papers

Articles of union     It would have been very difficult to run an effective government netherthe Articles of Confederation. Many of the great minds politic tout ensembley active afterthe American gyration realized this thus arrived the birth of iodine of the superior political documents of all time The Constitution. With the implementof the Constitution, the United States government became effective.     The professional personduct of some of the greatest minds to ever exist in this world,the Articles did have some positive effectuate on beau monde. It successfully put anend to the Revolutionary War, it negotiated a sociable end to the war in theTreaty of Paris, and created a model for the accession of new territoriescourtesy of the Northwest Ordinance. Nonetheless, it was much too weak to conk outthe new nation the necessary foundation on which the growth of society could bestarted from.     For one thing, any amen dment of the Articles required a unanimous suffragethroughout the colonies. Since this was almost impossible, there always beingtwo sides to everything a pro and a con, changing the Articles to eliminatethe ideas that did non function properly was approach impossible. Another factor ofthe Articles ineffectiveness was that Congress was in essence fix in itsauthority. After the war, the colonists trusted no ultimate authority not evenone they designed. It could not regulate commerce, so what resulted wasthirteen colonies with diametrical taxations and tariff laws. This only added tothe already present feelings of dislike and distrust which had existed betwixtthe colonies since they were first established.     After this period of eight years, the "Critical Period", the groundless atthe end of the tunnel arrived with Thomas Jefferson writing the Constitution.It delegated the power, at the treat of the people. It was designed to beamended the great min ds who designed it realized that they themselves were notinfallible, and could make mistakes. The beauty of the Constitution was that itallowed for these mistakes. Instead of the outrageous unanimous right to vote of statesto change it, two-thirds of Congress and then three-fourths of the states mustapprove. It ensured that no one section of government could grow so powerful tothe point that it could be considered a Parliament through the Checks and