Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

API or Air Pollutant Index is the indexs utilise to specify wrinkle flavour. Malaysia apply API strategy which fol impressions Pollutant Standard Index ( PSI ) which gained by United separates purlieual Protection Agency or US-EPA.Air select provides ar in truth planetary issue today. The haze phenomena which happened in the twelvemonth 1983, 1984, 1991, 1994 and 1997 has opened our eye and additiond ken that note whole t wholeness issues mustiness be case-hardened earnestly and an effectual plan must be create in roll to supervise, prevent and bind carriage quality. Furthermore, Severe A tell aparte respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) late detected in April 2004 excessively has addition cognisance on how of import clean and healthy atm we rents. Malaya has growing for study transmutation from agricultural to fabricating based put up since decennaries ago. Realized on this, the government of Malaysia has enacted The environmental role Act ( EQA ) in 1974 . By the twelvemonth 1977, politics has enacted Motor Vehicle ( Control of Smoke and Gas Emissions ) to command dense fume which emitted from Diesel vehicles ( Heng 2002 ) .In Malaysia, discussion section of surround ( muscularity ) is trusty to supervise state occupation quality via 51 Stationss which located in strategic topographic points either in residential and in dispelrial countries.The change magnitude Numberss of industrial activities and increasing vehicles contri preciselyed signifi laughingstocktly to diffuse taint. Harmonizing to DOE, labor vehicles contributed 82 % to straining contaminant in Malaysia. How somewhat the vehicles statistics? Statistic by wholeey Transport parting of Malaysia ( until March 2010 ) shows registered autos in Malaysia is 8, 506 080 units, bike with 8,940230 units and semipublic conveyance with 162309 units. This immense Numberss of motor vehicles contribute signifi potfultly to air contaminant. in that respectfore, risky im pact of air pollution must be monitored, maintain and prevented as it is about impossible to brighten it to zero degree but we potful cause together to amputate down the impact and pollution.1.1 The VisionThe vision of the plan is to command on meandering(a) beginnings ( motor vehicles ) and unmoving beginnings ( industrial production procedure ) in Malaysia.1.2 accusive of Plan and GoalsAchieving desired air quality degree of operate on for peregrine beginnings and installations which emits pollutants1.3 Beginnings of Air Pollution in MalaysiaMotor vehicles ar the major subscribers to air pollution with 82 % and this is followed by unmoving beginnings. The beginnings which categorized in stationary argon including industrial installations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as chemical kit and caboodles, vane Millss, oil refineries and prop int devisess. Generally, stationary contribute wage increases about 20 % 25 % ( DOE cited in Yahya 2006 ) . Attempts be take n by Malayan governance to advancing sustainable environment where Malaysia has been ranked 38 from 146 states worldwide in environment sustainability.1.4 growing accountant intentsThe first measuring stick to develop control schemes is finding precession pollutants which ar air pollutants. In Malaysia, industrial democracy and busy metropoliss such as Kuala Lumpur ar largely affected with pollutants. Among identified countries ar Shah Alam ( with 44 recorded unhealthy yearss per 350 yearss ) , Kuala Lumpur ( with 24 recorded unhealthy yearss ) and etc. The pursuit measure is to look into side effectuate of the schemes selected. However, the festering of control schemes must affect multi stakeh gray-haireders working squad such as the politics positive structures, cloak-and-dagger sectors, Non- government organic structures ( NGO ) and the public engagement.1.5 Control SchemesThere argon pragmatical schemes in get the better ofing the issue which beAir character r eference attention schemeThis scheme consists of developing and implementing air quality criterions which contains elements ofOptimum control schemeAbatement locomoteCost-benefit or be-effectiveness analysesAir quality estimationsurroundal harm appraisal andAbatement options of appraisalEmission control schemeEmission beginnings atomic number 18 rigid by instance by instance footing.Fiscal inducement schemeBy this scheme, inducements such as gross revenues revenue enhancement argon given for those who argon command air pollution.Cost benefit schemeThis scheme determines rationally how much harm should take for granted from air pollution compared to be in separatrix downing the harm.2.0 plan Control ConceptsBy and large, there are four technology constructs that goat be use to command emanation of air pollutants which isChanging or modifying cast of procedureChanging or modifying leaveing status of the procedureChange of subjective stuffs and fuelInstalling appropriate pollution remotion devices or system3.0 longsighted Term PlanUsing the right schemes for long term program are fundamental as the job arising must be identified and analyzed foremost. As illustration, a instance happens of commanding industrial pollution at Sao Paolo, Brazil. They are concentrating at particulate matter affair emanations which unveild by industries. In other manus, dust emanations ca apply by traffics or energetics really were the major jobs and had been overlooked. Therefore, side effects, root causes and beginnings must be identified to choose incorporate and suited attacks.3.1 Emission assess FeeFor long term Air Quality direction program, Malaysia whitethorn con and implement as what had been implemented in Taiwan. Taiwan has introduced and implementing emanation revenue enhancement fee in 1995 for defilers. The scenario is about self resembling(prenominal) as Malaysia where stationary beginnings and nomadic beginning are the chief subscribers for pollut ion in Taiwan. Harmonizing to Chung-Hsing study University research, 50 % of SO2 emanation has been reduced since 1997 to the twelvemonth 2000. How did they make this? They used TEDS or Taiwan Emission Database as stock lists for this research. This research has shows consequences where pollutants are being connected closely with their emanation distributions. For Malayan, local universities may take section and contribute to research that may take to high design construct in order to bring forth healthy air quality. There a tonss of universities that is capable in carry oning researches in Malaysia such as Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) , Universiti Malaya ( UM ) and etc.These stairss in my sentiment are a good measure as the research can be continues for long term too bring forthing high quality and Numberss of station alumnus pupils in Malaysia.3.2 Government EngagementIn order to hand developed state vision and at the same bri ng down stay its environment sustainability, Malaysia must continuously better air quality direction which has begun in 2002. Two old ages subsequently in 2004, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment was formed which consists of 10 environment and natural resources bureaus. hazard of haze phenomena late in Muar, Johor on 19th October 2010 has opened our eyeball how serious air quality and the impacts are to us. Schools were advised to shut temporarily by delegate Prime Minister as countermeasures to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring worse. Therefore, countermeasures such as implementing wet Torahs should be do where compound should be implemented to those who are involved in industries which produce pollution, unfastened combustion, over limit emanations or fumes from nomadic and etc.3.3 morose Environment Quality Regulations chart 1 Registered Vehicles in Malaysia ( by twelvemonth )Mobile beginnings remain as the biggest subscribers of pollutants in term of C monoxide and N oxide emanations. Harmonizing to Road Transport Department, Numberss of vehicles and Mobiles in Malaysia were increasing every twelvemonth as is Chart 1.In 2004, Environment Quality Regulation ( Control of Emission from Motorcycles ) has been print. This nevertheless, need to be updated from clip to clip as our state are number even though universe economic system clime is about to retrieve. Table 3.3 ( a ) as per below shows the statistics of increasing registered Numberss of vehicles in Malaya form / Types of Registered vehicles20052006200720082009Cars537900458294468512537092513954Motorcycles422255448751484598543122441545Public vehicles99819090769297138209Table 3.3 ( a ) Registered Vehicles in Malaysia as recorded by Road TransportDepartment ( by Year )Large Numberss of vehicles overly means big sum of emanation. Therefore, enforcement and reappraisal of air quality regulation must be make often and placate the latest demand. Department of Environment ( DO E ) Malaysia must play major functions in implementing unmitigated ordinances. DOE may patterns periodic audit to premises harmonizing to Environment Quality Act 1974. Besides that, other runs that suggested to be performed are fastening bran-new operation for licensing ( as subdivision 11 ) .3.4 Public EngagementPublic engagement may stop up that community and other parties working together in the development procedure. Populaces may involved by describing any unfastened combustion or improper industries activities in their country to the governments bureaus. Malayan may larn from US citizens civilization where persons are responsible and develop their ain program which called State Implementation Plan or SIP which related to air quality issues. Harmonizing to the program, each commonwealth must hold ain SIP. Each province in US is required to hold SIP which contains schemes and control steps to get the better of pollution issues.4.0 Mobile Source Control StrategyProposed act ion on commanding nomadic beginnings isPlan 4.1 New Vehicles DesignEmission from Mobiles can be controlled by assorted methods. One of the methods is utilizing catalytic convertors. Catalytic convertor was a device introduced by a Gallic automatic applied scientist whom is Eugene Houdry. The catalytic are functioned to diminish toxic emanations from internal burning engine. Nowadays, autos are equipt with this device which maps to cut down C monoxide, VOCs and NOx emanations.Vehicles are besides can plan to accommodate environment friendly and at the same clip utilizing less polluting fuels. Therefore, less emanation and pollutants are produced.Plan 4.2 Conduct knowingness plan and runUsing media, public run, seminars and uninterrupted plan on may increase consciousness on emanations produced by Mobiles or stationary beginnings. Media plays large influences in our life daily oddly in presenting discipline. Educating people oddly at school and universities may implement from now on to born the to begin with consciousness. In guaranting the run works efficaciously, internet web can be selected as a medium to present messages such as parking area Technology run in TV3 channel.Plan 4.3 Amendment and presenting consecutive regulations and ordinancesGovernment organic structures such as Road Transport Department ( JPJ ) could play of import map such as carry oning on a regular basis and schedule vehicles review. Inspection and care is a best expressive style to guarantee emanations are controlled right and efficaciously. In United States, rider autos and trucks are required to run into rigorous pollution criterions before it can be sold to market. Malaysia besides can implement and better this method better fussyly for vehicles which has been used for more than 5 old ages. In other words, rigorous pollution criterions are reviewed and implemented on a regular basis.Besides that, higher(prenominal) compound can be introduced to do certain the ordinances are complete efficaciously.Plan 4.4 Introducing and advancing Green Technology Mobiles in MalayaPresents, intercrossed engine and galvanising autos has been get downing to developed and marketed. Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and other elephantine automotive companies are viing with each other to bring forth environment friendly autos. In order to command Mobiles emanations in Malaysia, why non PROTON, PERODUA and MODENAS working together to develop loanblend and electric based engines which involved motorcycles, autos, trucks and MPV s. This measure may guarantee that our hereafters are unused where less fumes and emanations are produced. Malaysia still used hired gunoline based and so far, no loanblend or to the all-inclusive electric based engines can be found on the route.By taking action today, who knows, possibly all vehicles in the hereafter are 90 % utilizing electric and intercrossed engines. This issue has been raised by Deputy Prime Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin whom u rged Malayan companies to put in developing squirt and clean engineering for future vehicles. Collaboration with local universities, sellers and makers could recognize this program as Malaysia had more than 690 maker of constituents and 110 of bikes makers.Plan 4.5 Applying technology control constructsLet s take an illustration from India as something we could larn and adapted. In India, 70 % of air pollution is caused by motor vehicles, two shot engines as the major subscriber, use of old autos which is more than 20 old ages and uses of low quality fuel with high S contents ( in Diesel ) . Therefore, the countermeasures taken are bettering fuel quality strengthen care and review and descend of benzine from 3 % to merely 1 % .The constructs of alteration of natural stuffs and fuels are efficaciously solved this issue. In Malaysia, we could see vehicles which are 5 old ages and sometime ages up to 10 old ages are still change of location on the route. This civilization is wholly opposite in Japan where they exit alter to new autos after it achieve five old ages of use. why non in Malaysia, we strengthen review and care policy for vehicles for every 5 old ages or less? This could guarantee that vehicles on the route are safe and lone bring forth little per centum of emanations.Plan 4.6 Bettering Fuel QualityMost developing states are working on cut downing contents of S and lead. By bettering fuel quality, it is indirectly presenting Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) which acquit of S and lead. PETRONAS nevertheless has through with(p) fuel quality betterment by being the first oil company in Malaysia whom offer SL renovation categorization of American Petroleum Institute ( API ) . Now, PETRONAS is perchance the first in the universe which offer engine oil with new API SM categorization. Therefore, prolong from authorities and uninterrupted researches are required to better fuels quality from clip to clip. Universities and private sectors should works together in this scheme as engineering can be portion and being improved from clip to clip.5.0 unmoving Beginnings Control Strategy originator works, smelters, cement workss, refineries and other industrial procedures are categorized as stationary beginnings. The factors that must be considered to choose appropriate scheme areStationary beginning statusControl of efficiency required andPollutant stack awayTherefore, suggested program to command stationary beginnings in Malaysia arePlan 5.1 Interstates coordination and cooperationNatural gas are widely use in origin generating sectors. Due to that, interstate highway plan can be introduced to command letter papers particularly in identified country with high possible pollution such as industries country and extremely development or building country. Harmonizing to estate Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management ( 2006 ) , major industries which impacting air quality in Malaysia areIron and steel constancyOil and gas ind ustryPetrochemical sectorsPulp and paperPower workss andWaste incineration sectorTherefore, attempts are taken to cut down habituation on the use of natural gas since Eight Malaysia Plan and it is judge to cut down to 56 % in the twelvemonth 2010. Government should work hard on this continuously as we could non depend 100 % on natural gas and crude oil beginnings as the costs are acquiring higher for the exploring costs. Systematic informations and constitution of informations centre which portions information surrounded by provinces may roll up all information demands, analysis target and looking for the countermeasures based on instance by instance.Plan 5.2 Application of Nano-technologyNowadays, we can hear everybody speaking about Nano-technology development. What is meant by Nano-technology? Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster Dictionary ( 1987 ) , it is define as an art of pull stringsing stuffs on an moleculeic or molecule particularly to develop microscopic devices . Const ruction stuffs, merchandises such as skate notice and etc and place applications merchandise can be produce by this method. As an illustration, air conditioner are developed utilizing this new engineering. For air conditioner, Nano Carbon, Nano Silver and Nano imagecatalyst are some of the illustrations that have been marketed. Therefore, authorities may give support by cut downing revenue enhancement and monetary values to Malaysians in order to promote them to purchase these types of merchandises.Plan 5.3 Applying control engineeringsStationary beginnings can be control by using technology control concepts every bit mentioned preceding(prenominal) ( publish 2.0 ) such as use of low Sulfur fuels. As an illustration, TNB power Stationss in Jana Manjung as reported in TV3 is utilizing low Ss and low bitumen coal as its chief beginnings in bring forthing electric power and at the same clip cut down pollution. The works was fit out with waste H2O intervention to handle its wastewate r before released into the sea. The works can be the best samples as it meet higher emanation criterions in ASEAN as it operates to particulate degrees of merely 50 mg/NmA? compared to anticipate ASEAN degree which is 400 mg/NmA? . Even though the cost is high, this application is seems benefit us and at the same clip control and cut down pollution.The other method is through fuel pricing where cleaner fuels should included in economic inducements. Due to this, cleaner fuels may gazette as control monetary value points in Malaysia. This has been announced on 10th June 2010 by Malayan Prime Minister, Dato Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak on RMK 10 where he stressed that the monetary value of those points are guaranteed give non to increased dramatically.Plan 5.4 Adapting International Standard Organization ( ISO )ISO is a widely know organisation which formed connexion between public sectors and authorities. In order to accomplish desired degree of control, implementing ISO criterions may one of effectual schemes as the criterions are compiled in inside informations. The illustrations of criterions which can be applied areNo.StandardAims1.ISO8573-12010Specify pureness of tight air at peculiar point2.ISO8573 Parts 2 to 9To prove air tight system for specific contaminations3.ISO8573-42001Test method for solid atom content4.ISO8573-62003Test method for gaseous contamination content upstart installations which required by ISO already included effectual attacks which the ends are to accomplish stringent air quality degrees.Plan 5.5 Promoting cleaner productionsThis means, effectual and procedure were raceway with high efficiency to forestall or cut down pollution of air, H2O and air. By proper direction of production, stuffs, energy and cost can be salvage a batch. Besides that, presenting licence or particular license for extremely pollutant procedures can be done in productions.Plan 5.6 industrial Zoning PlanningBasically, industries country should hit ch up far from residential or sensitive countries. Re forwardnesstlement of bing industries zone besides can be considered but that depends on economical factors. For sensitive country, monitoring can be done by turn uping proper instruments to supervise and command emanations. Resettlement of major beginning of pollution besides can be considered as had been done for cement works in Haiphong, Vietnam. The works has identified by Vietnam Environmental Management Strategy as major subscribers of suspended particulates. As solutions, the authorities of Vietnam has agreed to relocate the works as the best countermeasure.6.0 Factors should considered during development of control schemesConsideration must be taken before developing and implementing control schemes efficaciously. The factors which must be review areEconomic factorsEconomic factors that must be considered are capital, runing cost, life clip of equipments and care. The chief inquiries here testament be who will bear the c ost? Ideally, the authorities must put for the installations and latest engineering must be updated particularly for high engineering equipments, the operating cost and care occupation to keep it. Therefore, those who are involve and caused pollution should feed or compounded or utilizing the Polluter Pays Principles .This is besides a manner to bring forth and obtain support. This can be used for environmental intent, care of equipments such as monitoring devices, runing cost and as a fund for implementing schemes. This has been implemented in Taiwan where the financess are used for financial backing advanced thoughts and besides back uping research sing air quality issues.6.0.2 Environmental factorsAir quality conditions in Malaysia are monitored by Department of Environment ( DOE ) through 51 Stationss. In add-on, 21 different sites utilizing last Volume Sampler were established to mensurate entire suspended particulate, particulate affair PM10 and heavy metal. Therefore, pos sible industry country such as palm oil workss, steel industries, cements and etc must aimed as precedence country to be monitored.Presents, environment conditions are altering instantly. Why? Haze phenomena are something must be look at. It happens 1000s stat mis from Malaysia and all of a sudden we face up the effects here. In planing effectual control scheme, factor that must be considered includesLegal demandsContribution of control system as pollutantAmbient air quality conditionsAdequate public-service corporations such as H2O scrubbersMalayan Environment Quality Act 1974 is related to bar, sweetening to environment and control of pollution. As the clip maintain traveling on, these statute laws should be review as environment and pollution issues are being wider range now. One the issue is haze which has been faced by Malaysia late. Therefore, control scheme as rigorous statute laws is one of good method which can be applied in Malaysia.In most underdeveloped states, rigorous criterions are set and applied for new imported autos as a manner to cut down bing job of pollution in a metropolis.As DOE is the section whom supervising air quality conditions, they are responsible to turn up the monitoring devices. As to day of the month, strategic locations has been equipped with uninterrupted Air Quality Monitoring Station as per below image. crack 6.0.2a Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station ( DOE Photo Library )Besides that, ambient air quality is monitored by 51 Stationss which located strategically. Therefore, these equipments must be maintained and new 1s should be considered if air quality in that new country ( such as industry or extremely polluted ) detected harmful to human wellness.Engineering factorsBesides environment and economic factor, technology factors besides play of import functions. Engineering factors should be considered in developing schemes. Factors such as gas watercourse characteristic, public presentation features of control sys tem used, contaminant characteristic i.e. toxicity must be identified and analyzed. Therefore, this may assist a batch in developing the right approaches or schemes.Besides that, it is of import to see all technology instruments available. This is because experience has shows that utilizing multiple is most effectual for peculiar air issue.As an illustration, an beforehand analysis of the effectual analysis of a scheme implemented has been done in Chennai, India. Assessment was conducted and sulfur dioxide emanation has emanating in populated country from thermic workss. By engaging adept advisers, scrubbers and automatic dust aggregators has been chosen as the most effectual pick to work out this issue. As the consequences, sulfur dioxide emanations from thermic works have been reduced to 90 % . From this scenario, we can state that thorough analysis must be conducted before placing and accommodate the best scheme to be adapted.Today, tonss of modern and school equipments or devi ces available for the intent of commanding pollution. It can be used as tools for monitoring, commanding, destructing contaminations from exhaust watercourse and to take them before it is emitted to atmosphere. Some of the devices that can be usage are bag houses, particulate scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and mechanical aggregator such as dust cyclone. Therefore, using new engineerings for some(prenominal) of pollution beginnings should be considered in developing control schemes.DecisionsMultiple pick of schemes are seems the better manner in battling Mobile and stationary beginnings of pollution. The selected attacks may non accommodate all instance at one clip. It may depend on the root cause or emanations produced. Due to that, depending on merely one method of attacks or schemes is non a good pattern.The impact of side effects or pro and cons of a scheme being develop must be studied and good plan. Again, coaction with authorities organic structures, private sectors a nd local universities can be formed for these intents. This is due that to assorted establishments whether authorities or non authorities are responsible to pull off and retentiveness air quality in Malaysia. In short, cooperation is extremely required for set of effectual schemes.Public sectors may affect in assisting authorities implementing control schemes. Therefore, squad work is indispensable in developing and implementing selected schemes.In implementing a scheme whether in get the better ofing Mobile or stationary beginnings, the scheme itself should develop in cooperation with authorities, private sectors, and besides civil society. By this manner, it will advance sense of ownership particularly to guarantee the favored of 1 Malaysia non merely for development of our state, economic but including environment issues.However, those developed schemes must be monitored. This is due to of import of showing clearly the different phases or stages of execution. Therefore, the ad vancement can be tracked and the scheme can be improved.Media besides could play of import functions in scattering information and consciousness sing air quality plan. This is easier as cyberspace is one of the best options available. This scheme has been implemented in China as their authorisation s organic structures describing on pollutants in 42 metropoliss as an consciousness plan get downing from the twelvemonth of 1999.