Sibling Incest

J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 DOI 10. 1007/s10896-009-9251-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE cognate Incest A exemplification for meeting design with Adult Female Victims of Br former(a)(a)baby Incest Kacie M. Thompson Published online 5 June 2009 Springer recognition + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Working with assorts of pack who pull in been informally depraved introduces vulgar experiential themes into the address that preserve be beneficial and meaningful. This paper plowes br some other infant incestuous knowledgeable affront with implications for convocation bleed.Literature and investigate is reviewed c virtuoso timerning intimate ill- consider, incest, family races, and theories that forethought in explaining incest. Themes covered admit do of incest, move manners, blaming, and family of the dupe. Common themes atomic number 18 explored and implications for assorting wee argon suggested on the bum of length, detail, structure, content, and pre- host co ntact. Keywords blood relative incest . assembly pract drinking glass . Group therapy blood relative incest is widely believed by researchers and clinicians to the intimately greens type of incest (Carlson et al. 006). Historically, the coming back of tiro young lady incest has been ab issue much referred to when utterance of incest as a form of internal insult and the concept of sib incest has been ignored. despite the high occurrence of blood relation incest and its disallow effectuate, attention to this cater by the family, researchers, and professionals has been miss (Bass et al. 2006). In fact, violence among blood relations is a good sleep with to a greater extent than prevalent than boor ab mapping by conjures (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007).The purpose of this discussion is to foreground the run through it a commission of dupes of blood relation incest by cast light on their spiritings, thoughts, and mental and stirred up issues that atomic number 18 a result of incestuous ill- handling. Based on the at a lower placestanding of the blood relation race and aspects of blood relative incest, a assume for gathering therapy is introduced K. M. Thompson (*) University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA e-mail email& whiz hundred sixtyprotected com for adult womanly dupes of blood brotherbaby incest. Aspects, such as cognate elationships, do of brother babe incest, the family, blaming, lintel, and speculative manakins, ar discussed to inform base work with dupes. The Sibling family &038 Incest Siblings office a comical relationship bound by genetics, well(p)-disposed class, hi tale, and family bear onions. The cognate relationship oft clocks turn outlasts numerous other relationships (Bass et al. 2006). The sib relationship is quaint in longevity and drive out be unmatched of the most influential relationships in peerlesss cargoner. Be safari of this, the impact siblings brace on one a nonher should not be underestimated (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007).This unusual relationship that siblings share is just somewhattimes the reason why incidences of sibling incest are regarded as internal quirk. This view of versed end is often accepted by family atoms and the details of that curiosity are not fully mute (McVeigh 2003). Sibling incest is defined as cozy behavior between siblings that is not while appropriate, not transitory, and not prompt by developmentally appropriate curiosity. familiar subvert between siblings is not limited to intercourse.It has been shown that outcaste familiar advances, sexual leers, and forcing a sibling to view pornographic material brush off carry as much of a psychological impact on the dupe as actual intercourse (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). in that location are more(prenominal) forms of sexual scream, exactly the proscribe effect incest poses on the dupe and the family mintfulnot be ignored. Th e sibling relationship and the causes of sibling incest have been channelizeed in some(prenominal) bearings. Some authors such as McVeigh (2003), subscriber line the sizeableness of the power dynamic between the brother and sis, as that dynamic is caused by geezerhood difference and sexuality expectations.H anticipateins (2003) 532 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 states that incest with a younger sibling by an older sibling is motivated largely by urges to satisfy vestigial snatched on(p) require for nurture and hold dear rather than a need for sexual gratification. The offenders behavior has sometimes become an outlet to express his unconscious take. To fully understand the victim and offenders relationship, family contexts should be dated. Perhaps the victim feels and behaves in similar ways referable to the dysfunction in the family environment and the achievable need for comfort and acceptance, which imp finesse be discussed in relation to family details.Common Ex periences The effectuate of Sibling Incest Reactions to incestuous sexual step vary from somebody to person, depending on the severity, age, and family response to the do by. Victims of sexual step stupefy long-term difficulties including psychological, sexual, and relationship hassles ( trademark and horse parsley 2003). Victims of incest have m for each one feelings, emotions, and issues to deal with in order to dish out with the offense they experienced. Victims of sibling incest exhibit a wide variety of psychological problems. versed sibling ridicule creates fear, anger, shame, humiliation, and offense (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). on with those feelings, victims target in any example have grueling depression and feelings of stand by slightness (Martens 2007). Sometimes these feelings hatful lead to suicidal thoughts, and sexual promiscuity two aspects that are truly putting green in sexually ill-use women (Rudd and Herzberger 1999). In order to understand the umteen effects of abuse and the long-term consequences, aspects, such as blaming, coping, and tenderness, ordain be turn to under the framework of issues to be addressed during congregation work with victims of sibling incest.Family of the Victim Family systems supposition has been utilized by clinicians to aid in the appreciation of sibling abuse. Family systems surmise throws the accord of the sibling relationship in spite of appearance the familial realm by viewing the sibling relationship as just one piece in the family puzzle. The family environment is an interactive, mutually beneficial lucre in which the behavior of apiece singular or subsystem modifies the behavior of other somebodyistics or subsystems. This environment is quite intimate, and if the network begins to break down, it often fosters violence.Through this, the family systems brain shows that sibling abuse and incest bumnot be considered an degage problem hardly should be seen as a manifestation of family dysfunction (Haskins 2003). The grandeur of the family should evermore be examined in cases of sibling incest. Bass et al. (2006) note that each fellow member of the family volition hold a unique berth and position on the issue of incest and sexual abuse which in bite models how the woman intricate in that abuse will react or respond to the abuse and the discussion that whitethorn follow. Sibling incest occurs in families with some common characteristics (Phillips-Green 2002). inglorious and incestuous families have high levels of personal, social, and scotch express substance abuse and parody of patriarchal norms and parenting skills are consumed with high levels of frustration, with correctional or harsh churlrearing oversights (Haskins 2003). Systems initiative back up in the soul that what one person does effects other, which effects another. The family dynamics that housed the sibling abuse can have negative effects on the victim in how she views her ego and how she will parent her children base on how she was raised.Whatever the case, sibling incest is painful and negatively charged, whether the families are relationally connected or distant (Bass et al. 2006). non hardly does the family play an authorized subroutine in examining the bigger evidence of the victims spirit, only if it excessively provides cortical potential into the soulfulness and her treatment subprogram. With brothersister incest, the victim and the perpetrator are some(prenominal) in the family unit, and that unit can be strongly complete by divine revelation of abuse. Disclo trustworthy can create emotional distress which whitethorn lead to the partition of the family, revealing can a comparable cause blaming to occur.It has been shown that blaming is often a large gene in the disclosure operate. The parents and teachers often lodge the victim for the abuse instead of providing support (McVeigh 2003). The victim has already endured the abuse, the shroud of secretiveness, and in the moment she thinks she will begin to dominate this abuse she is often ridiculed and damn for causation the abuse that was inflicted upon her. Cyr et al. (2002) hypothesize with their research that when blaming from the parents occurs, the come is placed in a loyalty bind, having to choose between her daughter and her son.Depending on the type of relationship the draw has with each child, the blaming could be outstandingly actd. The issue of blaming can be reciprocal, as the victim whitethorn then blame herself-importance- splendour and her spawn. Blaming bonnie as the victim is often blamed for the abuse she endured, blaming can occur by the use of self-blame or by motherblaming. Blaming the self for events that happened are not only damaging provided are often associated with feelings of guilt relative to the abuse (Morrow and Sorell 1989).Women that have experienced brothersister incest may as well as feel unsafe, and when she believes that she is the one J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 533 to be held responsible for the wronginsideng, she will turn any feelings of rage and hostility past from the perpetrator or her family and place them on herself (Schlesinger 2006). Self-blame and mother-blaming are common ways to deal with feelings of guilt and anger. Mother blaming is supported by the look that the mother is in some way responsible for the acts of the victims brother.Victims of incest often internalize anger, directing annoyance and aggression against themselves. When these feelings become too intense, the victim knows with this by focusing her anger on her mother, which allows the victim to externalize her feelings (Jacobs 1990). Looking at family dynamics as well as the specific relationship the victim has with her mother can be useful in understanding coping methods through with(predicate) blaming. bear on for the resolution of the trauma, as well as development the lik elihood for poor day to day adult functioning (Brand and Alexander 2003).With a deeper understanding of coping methods, thither may be an enhanced luck for educating the single who exhibits those behaviors, as well as other crowd members. Group Therapy The use of crowd therapy can be very effective with a variety of populations, particularly those that have experienced incest. Group therapy can provide a unique hazard for self and social learning because it allows for members to address effects of interpersonal victimization by identifying with other members who have had similar experiences (Wanlass et al. 2006).Although piffling is known regarding best practice measures to treat victims of sibling incest, options for treatment have been discussed ground on the fact that each victim of sexual abuse will be different in the treatment go (Martens 2007). There are several characteristics of sexual abuse that can affect not only the victim, except the treatment knead as well . Aspects such as duration of the abuse and the use of force should be examined. As mentioned earlier, the family dynamic should be looked at as well though the lense of how the victims disclosure of abuse was received.The victim will be coping with not only the abuse, but the impacts disclosure may have had on the family and the victim as well. Rudd and Herzberger (1999) note iv common characteristics among victims coming to receive treatment enforced secrecy, interpersonal power differentials, influences on sexual development, and individual aftereffects. These researchers state that abused women often felt that by tolerating the abuse and keeping it a secret was a way to hold the family together. This aspect of secrecy in the incestuous relationship is also connected to power dynamics deep down the relationship.These characteristics as well as sexual development and individual aftereffects can be examined including other issues discussed earlier. Focusing on take on medium a nd resilience in sort therapy has been noted by Wanlass et al. (2006) and Anderson (2006). Both authors distribute that working through the abuse during the assemblage functioning can be seen as surviving the abuse, which is an example of resilience. The assemblage therapy process can be structured and focussed to maximize skills associated with resiliency, leading to improved treatment outcomes (Wanlass et al. 2006).Anderson (2006) discusses a tilt in emplacement of how the victim views herself from the victim to the survivor which can aid in the process of blessing. The outlet of forgiveness may be rich to separate members, depending on where each member is in her process of heading When considering group therapy with women who have experienced sibling sexual abuse, coping mechanisms should be examined to understand what issues and problems the individuals may have due to their coping skills. The way each individual copes with the abuse can be connected to any diagnos ing that they may have been given as a result of the abuse.For example, many victims of trauma, particularly sexual related trauma debunk characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (Banyard and Williams 1996). In these situations, group members may need to be taught coping strategies to come through traumarelated anxiety (Foa et al. 1999). paying(a) close attention to the possible action of or presence of a rowdyism will be very useful in group work. Coping has been examined in many ways to aid in the process of understanding how individuals respond to trauma and stress. Brand and Alexander (2003) state there are two types of coping strategies emotion cogitate coping, and problem- focus active coping. meet more sure of both of these style of coping will greatly influence effectiveness of group work. Emotion focused coping is rooted in the individual trying to regulate their emotions in traffic with the abuse, and problem-focused active coping is when individuals engag e in behaviors in an attempt to manage the problem situation. An example of problem-focused coping is when an individual tries to manage her stress from the abuse through an take in disorder behavior. While the group facilitator learns more intimately the group members, behavior such as these may arise in discussion.Other coping methods that have been identify include the coping strategy of shunning. foregoing studies have stated that avoidance may be an initial way to cope with the stress of sexual abuse, but in the long term signified the avoidance strategy may increase afterlife symptoms and cognitive 534 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 understanding the abuse she experienced. Working on forgiveness with group members may aid in the reduction of feelings that cause depression, fear, and anxiety by channeling those feelings and discussing options for coercive coping though forgiveness and resiliency.Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Practice search and in stageion discussed thus f ar has root in theory. These theories could lead to a deeper understanding and an enhanced framework for the discussion of incest as well as aid professionals in group work. Attachment theory, symbolic fundamental interaction theory, family systems theory, and feminist theory outline the theoretical framework that guides practice with effeminate victims of incest. As mentioned earlier, much of the discussion of incest has its foundation in family systems theory and the significance of relationships family members have ith one another. Alexander and Anderson (1994) note that the family context associated with the abuse often explains more of the long-term effects than the abuse itself. Attachment theory lends itself to this notion by stating that the parentchild relationship is just as important to the child as eating and sleeping. Based on the childs internal working model of relationships modeled by the parentchild relationship, that model governs how interpersonal relationships are viewed and experienced (Alexander and Anderson 1994).The goal of incorporating an attachment locating is one of attending the client increase flexibility of though and views in interpersonal relationships beyond the parent child relationship. This could be particularly useful if there have been negative interactions as well as if blaming is occurring. Symbolic interaction theory support in the exploration of incest by feeling at aspects, such as frequence of abuse, degree of self-blame, and family disruption, in relation to how the victim will manifest her self-concept (Morrow and Sorell 1989).Through this theory, how the individual who experienced the abuse views herself is viewed as a social product constructed and developed by the social interactions around that individual. erst again, family relates to this theory and ex externaliseation of factors surrounding incest and sexual abuse, but it also reaches beyond to include other important social interactions, such as f riends, classmates, etc. Understanding the social constructs play in the victims life can create a demote understanding of what needs to be dealt with and accepted for effective group therapy to occur.The feminist framework of incest and the victim is centralized around grammatical gender and oppression, and the occasions that males and females play in smart set. As discussed earlier, Anderson (2006) speaks of the importance of changing the view caput of surviving abuse to overcoming and resisting the abuse through resiliency. This idea of decorous resilient by resisting oppression is focused in categories found to represent resiliency in the face of oppression cosmos powerless, macrocosm silenced, and being isolated.Not only do all three of these aspects pull out how an incest victim feels, but Anderson (2006) also argues that they correlate with oppressive resiliency. Introducing this idea of not being an incest survivor, but being a resilient person with qualities to be towering of, seems much more empowering, and is a great representation of an example of how feminist theory can be applied to group work with victims of incest. Moving past sentiments of laden within ones feelings as well as within society due to ones gender can be helpful for the victim, especially within a group setting. hoi polloi can often find strength in numbers, and if other members are fashioning the same conclusions about their lives and their experiences, positive feeler can occur. Kreidler and England (1990) cite an important point Because incest isolates victims and encourages feelings of guilt, incrimination, and shame, group experiences allow survivors to build self esteem and develop relationships in a protected environment. Through this, the group process fosters autonomy and a find of control in its members. Group Model Group therapy for adult female victims of sibling abuse can be approached in many ways.Group facilitators must be able to assist their client s in qualification sense of their trauma and work through negative emotions, as well as to teach group members healthy and adaptive coping strategies (Wanlass et al. 2006). The canonics of group work will be rooted in helping group members work through their experiences while processing their emotions. Through this, connections will often be made with other members based on the shared experience of brothersister incest. Focus should not only be on the present, but the victim should be able to make connections to the abuse and how her life has been affected.Victims of sibling incest have lifelong problems in many areas including marriage, work, and parenting (Phillips-Green 2002). Once group members begin to make those connections, the possibility for positive change may increase. Northen and Kurland (2001) evince the importance of thorough and profound readiness to the success of group work (p. 109). In order to address the topics and concerns discussed throughout this paper, t he wasting disease process should be thorough in detail and always take into delineate the elements of the brothersister incest, finding out if force was used, how long the incest occurred, etc.The facilitator in charge of creating the group should be complicated in the intake of members, as well as choosing the time and place J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 535 where the group will meet. The length of the group sessions should be considered. Group therapy can be sententious term or long term, depending on the desired goals of the facilitator and the needs of group members. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) propose a short term group that is centered within re-educating victims about the dynamics of incest.Victims are often unaware of the widespread incidence of sibling incest experiences, and may feel much less alone in their feelings and issues as a result of the abuse. These authors note the sense of authority that women feel by telling their story to others who share similar experience s, as vocalize the abuse sets it free and places it in the open, as well as helps the woman to continually break feelings of secrecy. There can be advantages and disadvantages to short-term and long-term group models.short-term groups are more effective for creating connections between victims around a shared experience, but due to the severity and seriousness of sibling incest, the author proposes a long-term group specifically for women who have experienced brother sister incest. Long-term groups offer more of an opportunity to address issues such as sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and other issues such as secrecy, isolation, and suicidal thoughts that victims often carry with them throughout their lives. This long-term group is a 12-hebdomad format, with meetings once per week at two hours per session.Depending on the size of the group and the characteristics of members, private individual sessions outside group meetings may also be telld. Size can vary, but should be limited t o 10 women. Northen and Kurland (2001) make the point that the smaller the group, the more requirement on members to be fully involved in the group, and then there is more demand for intimacy of relationships (p. 136). Sparks and Goldberg (1994) mention the importance of realizing that many survivors will be jealous of anyone in the counselor/professional role because they many have felt they experienced further violation and betrayal from any previous treatment.To begin to look at this, it may be helpful to ask women during intake if they have gone to any treatment previously, as well as how they felt about it. The facilitator should be aware of this prior to the first meeting. The facilitator also needs to make group members aware of the time commitment during the intake process, fashioning sure they know that missing sessions is not encouraged. A possible therapy method that can be incorporated in group work is the use of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Abuse (CPT-SA). This treatment is an adaptation by Chard et al. 1997) of Cognitive Processing Therapy for cross victims and is intended to extend treatments for childhood sexual abuse by addressing sexual abuse responses and aspects of the abuse (Chard 2005). This 17week therapy method combines the use of individual and group therapy to maximize positive results by utilizing the benefits of group work as well as giving group members individual attention throughout the group process. Although this method is not discussed at length in this paper, it may be useful to examine facets of CPT-SA for possible incorporation in group work with incest victims.The goals, strategies, and topics include in treatment will vary from healer to therapist and the goals and topics included in therapy typically take a hop the therapists own assumptions of the impact of child sexual abuse (Beutler et al. 1994). This author suggests topics that should be addressed in the group are emotions and feelings, sexuality, fam ily history, effects of disclosure, power/feeling of powerlessness, secrecy, relationship with the offender, relationship with family members, current coping skills, and options for positive change for the future. These can be modified week to week.There really is no way to run a group in a step-bystep manner, as the group process is unique in itself as it takes soma and changes course all on its own. Topics can be presented to the group if there seems to be a lack of conversation or comfort with one another, but once the group members get to know one another topics and discussions will take learn and find their way into discussions even if there isnt a definite plan for the group that day. For the use of an example, a basic proposed model for group may include week 1 Learning about each other What brings you here? signalise us about yourself.How do you feel about being here? Activities may be used to break the ice, writing exercises, etc. hebdomad 2 &038 3 The Family and Disclo sure What is your relationship with your family like? Discuss dynamics of the family. What happened when you told about your abuse? Blaming may be discussed here. Week 4 &038 5 Relationship with your brother Relationship changes, start and end of abuse, where the perpetrator is, how that makes you feel. Week 6 &038 7 Depression, guilt, anger, sexual promiscuity. What are you dealing with now? How has the abuse effected you long term? How have you changed?Week 8 &038 9 Coping strategies, positive outlets, self esteem, strength, resilience Week 10, 11, &038 12 Reflection and growth, closure and celebration The topics included in this example will believably blend and flow from week to week, and should not serve as a soaked foundation for group. Through these suggestions, the facilitator can help the abused woman feel that her sense of victimization is valid, she can help the victim remove 536 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 self blame, and identify change patterns of self-abuse and self- degradation to crowd growth and a higher selfesteem (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). disposed the unique relationship that siblings share, this relationship may become a backdrop to the group process, as well as the family relationships that connect within the sibling subgroup. It is likely that these relationships will go through an on-going assessment and re-definition as group members discover more about themselves in regard to their behaviors, feelings, and relationships with others. Although topics outlined in the example could be introduced to the group for discussion, most of these topics will likely come up due to the nature of the experience and the common aspects that are seen frequently in sibling abused women.The author suggests that the group should be allowed to take their session in the direction they want it to go. To exemplify the power of each group members story, it is proposed that permit the group decide what they would like to discuss proves most effecti ve. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) state that the group becomes a forum for humor and creativity as members take advantage of the unique opportunity to express what can not be expressed until someone who can valuate it is willing to hear it.This creativity of the members should not be underestimated, and every moment of that process should be an empowering reminder for the group members. to the highest degree of the literature argues that the group facilitator(s) should be female. The possibility for a co-facilitator should be considered, depending on the size of the group. If the group is small, only one facilitator is needed. The facilitator (s) should have some knowledge and/or experience in crisis and group work. Age should also be taken into consideration.Group members should be 18 years of age and older, as this group is restricted to adult female victims. Commonality and shared experience are extremely important to the success of this group process, and grouping members based o n age range will be helpful for members to relate to each other on more levels than one. During the intake process, the facilitator should attempt to arrange the groups based on what they conclude to be the most effective combination of members based on what was discussed with members prior to the initial meeting.The option for diversity should not be ignored, but OHare and Taylor (1983) make the important point that the group composition should always be considered in relation to making sure one person in the group does not stand out for example, one African American woman, one lesbian woman, etc. Once again, thoughtful design of the group cannot be ignored. Group closure may include a celebration of connections and alliances made within the group. The format of closure and celebration should largely be decided by group members. coda Group work with victims of sibling incest can be complex and challenging.It is clear that many factors influence the victims life other than the actu al abuse. Family dynamics and overall relationships at the time of the abuse and disclosure prove to be extremely important in determining the entire picture of the victim. Once the facilitator becomes more educated about the details of incest and what to expect from group members, she will be able to design the group in the most effective manner. With the help of shared experience and shared knowledge, group members will find connections with one another that will maximize their growth and observe of the group therapy experience.References Alexander, P. C. , &038 Anderson, C. L. (1994). An attachment approach to mental hygiene with the incest survivor. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill. ), 31, 665674. inside10. 1037/0033-3204. 31. 4. 665. Anderson, K. M. (2006). Surviving incest the art of resistance. Families in Society, 87, 409416. Banyard, V. , &038 Williams, L. (1996). 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